Chlordan group

Residues in the frans-chlordane group were higher (17-77 mg/kg) than in the c/s-chlordane group (8-67 mg/kg), although frans-chlordane was given at a much lower dose. Fat and kidney usually contained the highest concentrations, and brain the lowest. Oxychlordane was found in all tissues at 0.1 mg/kg in brain, 11 mg/kg in fat, and 0.5-2 mg/kg in liver, muscle, and kidney (Nomeir and Hajjar 1987)... 

Maximum residues, in mg/kg lipid, in females fed 100 mg/kg c/s-chlordane were 23 for c/s-chlordane and 100 for oxychlordane for the 200 c/s-chlordane group, levels were 48 for c/s-chlordane and 182 for oxychlordane. Females fed 100 mg/kg trans-chlordane had 10 mg/kg lipid of trans-chlordane and 201 of oxychlordane for the 200 mg/kg group, residues were 23 mg/kg lipid of trans-chlordane and 470 of oxychlordane for all groups, residues in males were 6-21 times lower than in females (Nomeir and Hajjar 1987)... 

Of the 188 replies received, 158 stated that these agencies have no regulations governing the use of DDT and chlordan, but 38 added that they are considering the issuance of such regulations. Presumably, each department in this group of 158 depends upon the standard adulterations clause, embodied in most food laws, which prohibits the presence of any poisonous, deleterious, filthy, or decomposed substance in a food product, as the means of regulating the use of residual sprays. 

Overall, insecticides seriously affect invertebrates in the soil, especially insects, but affect microorganisms much less [3,6]. The most toxic OCPs for soil invertebrates are heptachlor and chlordan. They sharply decrease the numbers of almost all invertebrate groups, including insects, earthworms, and ticks [6]. 

Taxonomic Group, Organism, Chlordane Isomer, and Other Variables Concentration11 (g/kg) Reference1 ... 

COW, Bos bovis Oral doses equivalent to 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg diet for 60 days, then no dose for 30 days Fed diets containing 10 mg/kg for 10 days At 1 mg/kg diet equivalent, total chlordane in fat increased from 0.24 mg/kg at day 30 to 0.47 at day 60 30 days later, residues remained elevated at 0.45 mg/kg. The same pattern was seen at higher dose levels but residues were higher at 1.2-1.5 mg/kg in the 10-mg/kg diet group, and 2.6-4.0 in the 100-mg/kg group (Nomeir and Hajjar 1987) Milk contained less than 50 pg/L (NRCC 1975)... 

DOG, Canis familiaris Fed diets containing 0.3, 3, 15, or 30 mg chlordane/kg food for 2 years Daily oral dose ranging between 5 and 200 mg/kg BW Single oral dose of 200-700 mg/kg BW Liver abnormalities in 15- and 30-mg/kg groups no adverse effects at lower doses on behavior, appearance, survival, weight gain, or blood chemistry. In the 3-mg/kg group, equivalent to 0.075 mg/kg BW daily, maximum residue in fat was 3.6 mg/kg (NRCC 1975 WHO 1984 USEPA 1988) Dose-dependent mortality. All died between 25 days and 93 weeks (WHO 1984) No deaths (WHO 1984)... 

MONKEY, Macaca fascicularis 1 or 10 mg/kg BW of trans-chlordane given once weekly for 5 weeks by subcutaneous injection. Adipose tissue, blood, and skin lipids analyzed for up to 20 weeks after the last injection trans-Chlordane and oxychlordane were detected in all tissues. In blood and adipose tissue, trans-chlordane decreased rapidly and oxychlordane increased gradually until a plateau was reached. Good correlations were determined for all chemicals between blood and adipose tissue, regardless of collection time and dose level, and between skin lipids and adipose tissue. At the high dose, trans-chlordane reached a maximum of 35 mg/kg FW in adipose tissue, but was not detectable after 20 weeks. The oxychlordane concentration in adipose tissue of the high-dose group was 25 mg/kg FW after the last injection, and 18 mg/kg FW after 20 weeks (Sasaki et al. 1992)... 

Hassoun et al. (1993) examined the effects of various pesticides on lipid peroxidation and DNA single strand breakage in the hepatic cells of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Animals were dosed orally once with endrin at 4.5 mg/kg, lindane at 30 mg/kg, chlordane at 120 mg/kg, or DDT (dichlorodiphenyl trichloro-ethane) at 40 mg/kg, or vehicle only (com oil, control). At 6, 12, and 24 hours post-dosing, 4 animals from each group were sacrificed, their livers removed, and prepared for lipid peroxidation assay. Lipid peroxidation was measured calorimetrically by determining the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formed. Exposure to endrin resulted in a 14.5% increase in hepatic mitochondrial... 

Groups of 10 adult Osborne-Mendel rats (5/sex) and 10 adult B6C3Pi mice (5/sex) were fed technical-grade heptachlor in food (73% heptachlor, 22% chlordane, 5% nonachlor) for 6 weeks, followed by a 2-week period of observation. Dietary doses were 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg/day (NCI 1977) for the rats and 2.6, 5.2, and 10.4 mg/kg/day for the mice. Two of five male rats died at the highest dose no deaths were reported at 8 mg/kg/day or less. The LOAEL for male rats was 16 mg/kg/day, and the NOAEL was 8 mg/kg/day. All of the female rats died at the 16-mg/kg/day level, and four of five died at the 8-mg/kg/day level. No deaths were reported at 4 mg/kg/day or less. All male mice died at the 10.4- mg/kg/day level, the highest dietary dose tested in mice. No deaths were reported at levels of 5.2 mg/kg/day or lower. Two of five female mice died at the highest dose no deaths were reported at the lower doses. 

All the chlorinated hydrocarbons belonging to this second group of compounds, once used in large amounts, have been banned for use in the U.S. since 1974. They are made by the Diels-Alder reaction, named after two chemists who won the Nobel Prize in 1950 for the discovery of this important reaction. The synthesis of the important insecticides chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, and endrin are summarized in Fig. 20.4. 

---