Rapid charging

Pi and P2 are the photochemical reaction center serving also as light-harvesting unit. They can be two kinds of compounds or a single compound (P) such as a metal complex. The photoreaction center must have a strong absorption in the visible region. Tt and T2 are the electron mediators which take out photochemically separated charges rapidly to prevent back reactions. C and C2 are the reduction and oxidation... 

It is almost impossible to derive the exact value of Q from Figure 22(b), because of the large oscillations discussed above. However, since the induced charge rapidly converges in the region far from the surface, we can reasonably assume that the reduction of Q (and thus of the screening) is limited to the region of space around the surface. 

Anodic polarization was found to increase its charge rapidly, which should result in its deprotonation at a small applied potential ... 

Analysis of the sequence of events indicates a number of underlying factors which were significant in the incident and its consequences. The reactor system pressure relief valve was sized for the most severe duty of fire conditions. Although the reaction was known to be exothermic, the possibility of having a bulk quantity of very hot ECH charged rapidly with a bulk quantity of hot condensate, leading to a runaway reaction, was not foreseen as a basis of relief valve sizing. 

The amount of surface charge density that remains is termed the remnant polarization P, and is caused by a net alignment of dipoles within the crystalline phase of the material. When the direction of the electric field is reversed, the charge rapidly decreases and changes sign. The field at which the polarization passes through zero is termed the... 

There is a major problem in the observation of polymers by means of SEM. Polymers are poor conductors of electricity and a charge rapidly builds up on the specimen when it is bombarded with the electron beam. A conductive coating must be applied to solve this problem in a conventional SEM. 

Fast charging Rapid return of energy to a battery at the C rate or greater. 

---