LISP language

Second, the fundamental data structure of the Lisp language is a list of symbols. Two examples of legitimate lists are. 

Programmers can access and update PGDB data directly by writing programs in the Java, Perl, and Common Lisp languages (13). 

LISP, they can leave you largely uninformed on the style of problem-solving for which LISP is optimized. TJtf Little USPer teaches you how to think in the LISP language. .. an inexpensive, enjoyable introduction/ — Gregg Williams. Byte... 

Few chemistry specific dialects have been developed, one of which is the Chem-Lisp language interpreter in Apex-3D, an expert system for investigating structure-activity relationships. ChemLisp represents a special dialect of the LISP language. ChemLisp accesses main data structures and modules containing basic algorithmic functions. 

Frame System Uses frames for the representation of chemical information that are implemented using a built-in ChemLisp language interpreter. Chem-Lisp represents a special dialect of the list processing (LISP) language. 

The prototype has been developed with the expert system shell EXPERKIT and the LISP language. 

Other familiar languages may be C, ADA, LISP, ALGOL, PL/I, Prolog, and APL which are now available on many microcomputer systems. 

Logical computer languages (e.g., PROLOG, LISP) by logical Hnks... 

External Processes. The Radial language supports interfacing to software written in the various computer languages available under UNIX Fortran, C, Pascal, Lisp, etc. The Radial language takes care of the details of passing arguments to and from external routines. This capability allows Radial to be used Just for the... 

Representation of the Molecule in LISP. We have used the chemist s sketch, or its Lewis structure equivalent, as the model of a data structure in LISP ( ). This language has the flexibility needed to express an essentially non-numerical object, in terms of lists. LISP will permit us to organize molecular structure information in a way that mimics the human expert s knowledge. To accomplish this representation, we must develop a clear idea how the chemist assimilates the information provided directly and explicitly by the sketch, and how the properties of the molecule are recalled to the chemist s awareness. 

Given that such programs would be useful, we must next decide which language would be most appropriate for implementation. At least three reasons justify the symbolic language Lisp. 

Additionally, use of a commercial AI shell for expert system development has been demonstrated without the need to learn computer programming languages (C, Pascal, LISP or any of its variations), nor to have an intermediary knowledge engineer. Although this development effort of 4-5 man months was on a minicomputer, adaptation of EXMAT to the microcomputer version of TIMM is anticipated. The completed implementation of EXMAT will support the belief that AI combined with intelligent instrumentation can have a major impact on future analytical problem-solving. 

Expert systems are computer programs that simulate the decision-making process of human experts. The hallmark of expert systems is that decisions are based on heuristics (rules of thumb) when data is incomplete or there is not enough time to consider all possibilities [19]. An expert system can be a set of IF-THEN rules in FORTRAN, or it can be a written in one of the languages designed for expert systems, such as LISP. Expert systems can be used off-line to aid in cure cycle selection, or they can be used as real-time advisers or controllers. 

Genetic programming, described earlier, picks only certain variables from the model. The rules, which may be in the form of a computer language such as Lisp, or easily interpretable equations, produce a formula from which a result can be calculated (e.g. if (measurement 1 >2.37 and measurement 2<0.53) or measurement 3 > 4.28 then sample is adulterated else sample is clean) [162 — 165]. Rather than being a pre-processing step before statistical analysis, this method combines the variable selection and model formation stages into one. 

The conceptual model of the design process, discussed above (see also Fig. 2), should be turned into a logically well-defined computational process for the computer. There are high-level programming languages, such as FORTRAN, C, LISP, which can bridge the gap between the... 

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