Lisp

G. A. Siletti and G. Stephanopoulous, M Computer Programfor SynthesifingDoivnstream Process Designs, technical report no. LISPE-88-043, Laboratory... 

M. Realff, n A.naljsis of the Chemical Patch Production Problem and a Detailed Methodologyfor Schedulings technical report no. LISPE-88-054, Laboratory for Intelligent Systems in Process Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Mass., 1989. 

PRELIMINARY LISP OF COMI UTER APPLICATIONS AND SYSU MS OF... 

Advances in the Synthesis and Study of Ruoroorganic Compounds (Russ ) Knunyants I L, Polishchuk, V R Lisp Khim 44, 685-714 111... 

Saure-wirkung,/. action of acids, -zahl,/. acid number, -zufuhr,/. addition of acid. Saurung,/. S uerung. sauseln, t.i. rustle murmur lisp hum. sausen, v.i. rush, whiz, whistle, hum. 

Other familiar languages may be C, ADA, LISP, ALGOL, PL/I, Prolog, and APL which are now available on many microcomputer systems. 

Krasnovskii, A. A. lisp. Khim. I960, 29, 736 Russ. Chem. Rev. (Engl. Transl.J 1960, 344. Sidorov, A.N. in Elementary Photoprocesses in Molecules Neporoent, B.S.. Ed. Plenum New York 1968 p201. 

Lakshmanan, R., and Stephanopoulos, G Planning and Scheduling Plant-Wide Startup Operations," LISPE Tech. Rep. (1987),... 

Logical computer languages (e.g., PROLOG, LISP) by logical Hnks... 

External Processes. The Radial language supports interfacing to software written in the various computer languages available under UNIX Fortran, C, Pascal, Lisp, etc. The Radial language takes care of the details of passing arguments to and from external routines. This capability allows Radial to be used Just for the... 

Lowell B. Hawkinson, Carl G. Knickerbocker, and Robert L. Moore LISP Machine Inc., Los Angeles, CA 90045... 

The expert system package is designed to operate on a LISP machine interfaced with a conventional distributed control system. The design assumes that up to 20,000 measurement points and alarms may be accessed. The Lambda machine from LMI was utilized. The realtime data interface is via an integral Multibus connected to a computer gateway in the distributed system. 

In working through process control examples, we found that many calculations, data checks, rate checks and other computationally intensive tasks are done at the first level of inference. Considerations of computational efficiency led to a design utilizing two parallel processors with a shared memory (Figure 1). One of the processors is a 68010 programmed in C code. This processor performs computationally intensive, low level tasks which are directed by the expert system in the LISP processor. 

Higher levels of inference depend on the truth conditions of the first level antecedent conditions, and thus higher levels of inference involve pattern matching and chained-inference logic. Higher level inference is done in the LISP processor, using various expert system paradigms, while the first level antecedents, which are computationally intensive, are evaluated in the parallel 68010 processor. 

The expert system package is designed so that an algorithm of reasonably arbitrary structure can be dynamically loaded into the 68010 from the LISP processor. This allows, for example, the expert system to implement process-monitoring functionality in a dynamic fashion, the equivalent of ... 

The expert system design includes the ability to change the time period of measurement and algorithm processing in individual cases. Thus, in effect, the system can "focus attention" to a specific area of the process plant, and put all associated measurements and rules for that area on frequent scan. This can be done under control of the LISP program. Thus, for example ... 

The LISP program would tell the 68010 processor to "focus" on the measurements and low-level inferences required around a process unit. 

The program was written on an Apollo computer in LISP. Apollo s Domain LISP, a version of Portable Standard LISP, was the dialect available. 

If the method for acquiring a VALUE is ASKIT, then a user PROMPT is stored. In order to guarantee a valid response to the question, a LISP function to check the answer is included with the FACT. Table I lists the currently implemented response checking functions. Whenever the inference engine reaches one of these facts, searching is stopped and the user is prompted for a value. 

The CALL facility allows the expert system to access software external to the LISP program. Included with the CALL is the name of a LISP function which handles the outside software. In the case of the fact CHEMICAL NAME, the LISP function executes a FORTRAN program which allows the user to either retrieve the structure of a previously entered compound or enter a new one. The program also breaks the chemical structure into its functional groups. When the FORTRAN program terminates, the LISP function updates the list of facts, and inserts the name into CHEMICAL NAME and the functional groups into FUNCT GROUPS. These FACTS are then available to the expert system. In this way, access to outside software is completely data driven. 

Rules in the expert system are structured to allow flexibility and future expansion. For speed of execution, the IF-THEN clauses are actually executable LISP code. Tables II and III contain examples of how rules are structured. The IF clauses contain functions, called predicates. Predicates have a value of either... 

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