Liquid sugar manufacture

The use of starch for the preparation of glucose syrups has led to a commercial success in the industrial production of this material [132], However, starch is chemically converted to dextrin or dextrose syrups. Crystalline dextrose (glucose) is the major product of the starch conversion industry from com, milo-maize, grain sorghum, and other vegetable starches with acid under pressure and at high temperature [133], Starch hydrolysis is an equilibrium reaction and depending upon the 

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Liquid sugar is readily available as an aqueous solution, usually at 67% w/w (67°Brix) at 20°C. It is manufactured by dissolving granulated sugar in water at an elevated temperature. The product may then be further refined by carbon filtration and de-ionisation. It may then be further treated using ultraviolet (UV) light to reduce microbial contamination. 

From Beet Sugar Residues.— Another source for the manufacture of methyl alcohol is the residue from beet sugar manufacture known as vinasse. When beet sugar is refined the molasses from which all possible sugar has been crystallized is allowed to ferment and the liquid then distilled. The residue left from this distillation is then dry distilled and methyl alcohol is obtained just as from wood. 

Liquid sugar, pure sucrose sirup, is relatively new to the baking industry, and use at present is confined to the larger bread manufacturing plants. Such plants, when they are located not too far from the source of supply, can take advantage of a price differential which more than offsets the cost of shipping contained water. 

A typical ice cream consists of about 30% ice, 50% air, 5% fat and 15% matrix (sugar solution) by volume. It therefore contains all three states of matter solid ice and fat, liquid sugar solution and gas. The solid and gas are small particles - ice crystals, fat droplets and air bubbles -in a continuous phase, the matrix. To understand the creation of the microstructure during the manufacturing process we must first introduce some concepts from the physical chemistry of colloids, freezing and rheology (the study of the deformation and flow of materials). 

Mathieu, L. 1910. The determination of sulfurous acid. Ann.fals. elfraudes 3,410-415. Mathieu, L. 1913. Liquide sulfure dioxide in fermentation. Rev. vUicwUe 41, 421-428. Maxwell, F. 1916. Sulphitation in White Sugar Manufacture. N. Roger, London. May, P. 1927. The determination of sulphur dioxide in dried fruit. Analyst 62 (614), 271-273. 

The 1995 Canadian and United States sugar alcohol (polyol) production is shown in Table 2. The market share of each is also given. Liquids comprise 48% crystalline product comprises 39% and mannitol comprises 13% of the polyol market. An estimate of total U.S. sorbitol capacity for 1995 on a 70% solution basis was 498,000 t. ADM, Decatur, lU., produced 68,200 t Ethichem, Easton, Pa., 13,600 t Lon2a, Mapleton, lU., 45,400 t Roquette America, Gurnee, lU., 68,200 t and SPI Polyols, New Castle, Del., 75,000 t (204). Hoffman-LaRoche, which produces sorbitol for captive usage in the manufacture of Vitamin C (see Vitamins), produced about 27,300 t in 1995. 

There are two main varieties of carbon (i) crystalline (e.g., graphite and diamond), and (ii) amorphous. The amorphous variety consists of carbon blacks and charcoals. Carbon blacks are nonporous fine particles of carbon produced by the combustion of gaseous or liquid carbonaceous material (e.g., natural gas, acetylene, oils, resins, tar, etc.) in a limited supply of air. Charcoals are produced by the carbonization of solid carbonaceous material such as coal, wood, nut shells, sugar, synthetic resins, etc. at about 600 °C in the absence of air. The products thus formed have a low porosity, but when activated by air, chlorine, or steam, a highly porous material is produced this porous product is called activated charcoal. Chemically speaking carbon blacks and charcoals are similar, the difference being only in physical aspects. Carbon blacks find use in the rubber industry and in ink manufacture. An important use of charcoals is as adsorbents. 

Pharmaceutical Applications. Sucrose has a long history in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It imparts body to syrups and medicinal liquids and masks unpleasant tastes. Sucrose also functions as a diluent to control drug concentrations in medicines, as an ingredient binder for tablets, and to impart chewiness to the latter. Sustained-release medications and protective tablet glazes are prepared using sucrose (41). Sucrose-based sugar pastes are used to promote wound healing (58). 

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