Liquid reductive

Interestingly these complexes showed high activity without addition of alkyl aluminum compounds in the ionic liquid while they are almost inactive in toluene. These results are interpretable in terms of catalyst stabilization by the imidazolium-based ionic liquid. Reductive elimination of imidazolium is also possible as in toluene as in the ionic liquid but in the ionic liquid, a rapid reoxidation via addition of the solvent imidazolium cation seems possible and may prevent the formation of Ni deposits associated with catalyst deactivation. The carbene complex with R = n-Bu showed the highest activity with a dimer yield of 70.2% (TOF = 7020 h ). The preferred product of the nickel-catalyzed reaction is methylpentene. Additional phosphine ligand had no significant influence on the distribution of the products in this case. 

Operating regimes in the production of m-chloroaniline by liquid-liquid reduction of m-nitrochlorobenzene with disodium sulfide... 

Levin M, Balestrino S, Kabat DM, Shaikh FZ, Zimmerman BA, Keller J, Cooper SD, Kantebet K (2010) Approach for delivering a liquid reductant into an exhaust flow of a fuel burning engine. US Patent 7,814,745, 19 Oct 2010... 

Liquid phase reduction method. Liquid-reduction method uses hydrazine hydrate as reductant. Hydrazine hydrate is a kind of alkaline, corrosion and poisonous hquid which is miscible with water and has the good stability. It is mainly used in medicine and vesicant and reductant and antioxidant because of its strong reductivity. RUCI3 can be reduced completely by hydrazine hydrate in thermodynamics. 

Liquid-reduction process carries out through a certain concentration of hydrazine hydrate solution to reduce RUCI3 into elementary ruthenium and remove Cl by... 

S.Oi Diffusion in liquid Reductive reaction Pulp and paper... 

Process management, countermeasures for eleaning the washing liquid, reduction of cost by prolonging the use time of the washing liquid. 

SO2 Diffusion in the atmosphere and in liquid Reductive reaction Atmospheric... 

SO5- Diffusion in liquid Reductive reaction High-temperature water... 

The accuracy of our calculations is strongly dependent on the accuracy of the experimental data used to obtain the necessary parameters. While we cannot make any general quantitative statement about the accuracy of our calculations for multicomponent vapor-liquid equilibria, our experience leads us to believe that the calculated results for ternary or quarternary mixtures have an accuracy only slightly less than that of the binary data upon which the calculations are based. For multicomponent liquid-liquid equilibria, the accuracy of prediction is dependent not only upon the accuracy of the binary data, but also on the method used to obtain binary parameters. While there are always exceptions, in typical cases the technique used for binary-data reduction is of some, but not major, importance for vapor-liquid equilibria. However, for liquid-liquid equilibria, the method of data reduction plays a crucial role, as discussed in Chapters 4 and 6. 

Figure 1 compares data reduction using the modified UNIQUAC equation with that using the original UNIQUAC equation. The data are those of Boublikova and Lu (1969) for ethanol and n-octane. The dashed line indicates results obtained with the original equation (q = q for ethanol) and the continuous line shows results obtained with the modified equation. The original equation predicts a liquid-liquid miscibility gap, contrary to experiment. The modified UNIQUAC equation, however, represents the alcohol/n-octane system with good accuracy. 

In Equation (24), a is the estimated standard deviation for each of the measured variables, i.e. pressure, temperature, and liquid-phase and vapor-phase compositions. The values assigned to a determine the relative weighting between the tieline data and the vapor-liquid equilibrium data this weighting determines how well the ternary system is represented. This weighting depends first, on the estimated accuracy of the ternary data, relative to that of the binary vapor-liquid data and second, on how remote the temperature of the binary data is from that of the ternary data and finally, on how important in a design the liquid-liquid equilibria are relative to the vapor-liquid equilibria. Typical values which we use in data reduction are Op = 1 mm Hg, = 0.05°C, = 0.001, and = 0.003... 

We consider three types of m-component liquid-liquid systems. Each system requires slightly different data reduction and different quantities of ternary data. Figure 20 shows quarternary examples of each type. 

Using the ternary tie-line data and the binary VLE data for the miscible binary pairs, the optimum binary parameters are obtained for each ternary of the type 1-2-i for i = 3. .. m. This results in multiple sets of the parameters for the 1-2 binary, since this binary occurs in each of the ternaries containing two liquid phases. To determine a single set of parameters to represent the 1-2 binary system, the values obtained from initial data reduction of each of the ternary systems are plotted with their approximate confidence ellipses. We choose a single optimum set from the intersection of the confidence ellipses. Finally, with the parameters for the 1-2 binary set at their optimum value, the parameters are adjusted for the remaining miscible binary in each ternary, i.e. the parameters for the 2-i binary system in each ternary of the type 1-2-i for i = 3. .. m. This adjustment is made, again, using the ternary tie-line data and binary VLE data. 

Unfortunately, many commonly used methods for parameter estimation give only estimates for the parameters and no measures of their uncertainty. This is usually accomplished by calculation of the dependent variable at each experimental point, summation of the squared differences between the calculated and measured values, and adjustment of parameters to minimize this sum. Such methods routinely ignore errors in the measured independent variables. For example, in vapor-liquid equilibrium data reduction, errors in the liquid-phase mole fraction and temperature measurements are often assumed to be absent. The total pressure is calculated as a function of the estimated parameters, the measured temperature, and the measured liquid-phase mole fraction. 

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data Reduction for Acetone(1)-Methanol(2) System (Othmer, 1928)... 

Me2C = CHCOCH= CMca- Yellow liquid having a camphor-like odour m.p. 28 C, b.p. 198-5°C. It is formed when propanone is saturated with HCl and allowed to stand. Resembles camphor in many of its properties and is a solvent for cellulose nitrate. Used to prepare diisobutyl ketone (reduction). 

Colourless liquid with a characteristic ammo-niacal smell m.p. 9 C, b.p. 106°C. Miscible with water. It is present in pepper as the alkaloid piperine from which it can be obtained by healing with alkali. It can also be prepared by the reduction of pyridine, either electrolytically or by other means. Piperidine is a strong base, behaving like the aliphatic amines. 

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