Estimating accuracy,

In Equation (24), a is the estimated standard deviation for each of the measured variables, i.e. pressure, temperature, and liquid-phase and vapor-phase compositions. The values assigned to a determine the relative weighting between the tieline data and the vapor-liquid equilibrium data this weighting determines how well the ternary system is represented. This weighting depends first, on the estimated accuracy of the ternary data, relative to that of the binary vapor-liquid data and second, on how remote the temperature of the binary data is from that of the ternary data and finally, on how important in a design the liquid-liquid equilibria are relative to the vapor-liquid equilibria. Typical values which we use in data reduction are Op = 1 mm Hg, = 0.05°C, = 0.001, and = 0.003... 

The ribs on the reinforcing are distinguishable and can be measured, along with the diameter of the reinforcing with an estimated accuracy of about 10%. The upper part of the film is slightly overexposed causing less clear definition of the reinforcing bars. 

In order to ensure thermodynamic consistency, in almost all cases these properties are calculated from Tr. and the vapor pressure and liquid density correlation coefficients listed in those tables. This means that there will be slight differences between the values listed here and those in the DIPPR tables. Most of the differences are less than 1%, and almost all the rest are less than the estimated accuracy of the quantity in question. 

These indices are used to up-date costs when values at some date are know n. The new costs are of estimating accuracy and should be verified w henever possible, just as the results of using the 0.6 power for correlating cost and capacity. 

We begin our analysis by comparing the surface fluxes. According to the indicated partitioning factors, 74% of the 11 Mg DMS-S/m /h emitted from the ocean surface should be returned as nss-SO in rain. This leads to a predicted wet deposition flux of nss-SO of 8.1 Mg S/(m /h), which is 37% lower than the measured flux of 13 Mg S/(m /h). Since the estimated accuracy of the DMS emission flux is 50% (Andreae, 1986), this is about as good agreement as can be expected. It indicates that our "closed system" assumption is at least a reasonable first approximation. (A more sophisticated treatment would consider sulfur oxida-... 

Dilution of concentration acceptable if calibration, accuracy and precision remain so. Data generated during tests of other characteristics may provide this requirement Where the method does not permit recovery to be estimated, accuracy and precision are those of calibration Storage times should reflect those likely to be required... 

Preliminary (approximate) estimates, accuracy typically 30 per cent, which are used in initial feasibility studies and to make coarse choices between design alternatives. They are based on limited cost data and design detail. 

Detailed (Quotation) estimates, accuracy 5-10 per cent, which are used for project cost control and estimates for fixed price contracts. These are based on the completed (or near complete) process design, firm quotations for equipment, and a detailed breakdown and estimation of the construction cost. 

Table 34-5 Individual sample analysis estimated accuracy using grand mean calculation...

This set of articles presents the computational details and actual values for each of the statistical methods shown for collaborative tests. These methods include the use of precision and estimated accuracy comparisons, ANOVA tests, Student s t-testing, The Rank Test for Method Comparison, and the Efficient Comparison of Methods tests. From using these statistical tests the following conclusions can be derived ... 

Association constant (M-1) for the binding of water by crown ethers to form a 1 1 complex. Estimated accuracy 10% c Molar ratio solubilized water/crown ether... 

The model has been claimed to predict the log BB values at a rate of 700 molecules per min, some two orders of magnitude faster than the calculations of Keserii and Molnar. To test the likely accuracy of such predictions, the authors took 105 compounds for which experimental descriptors were used in constructing equation (48) and calculated their log BB values using same with descriptors calculated by the method of Platts and workers. The observed and calculated values agreed with ESD = 0.294, thus indicating that Platts calculation method can be used in conjunction with equation (48) to predict further log BB values faster with an estimated accuracy of around 0.30 to 0.35 log units. 

Elevated Temperature Studies. The Varian 5000 liquid chromatograph and a Waters Associates 401 differential refractometer were employed. The column was heated with a Varian universal heater block at an estimated accuracy of 0.5 C. About 15-30 minutes were allowed for column equilibration for a given temperature. The recorder employed was a Varian 9176. 

Unfractionated sample estimated accuracy +10% estimated accuracy +5-10% estimated accuracy +0.1 estimated accuracy +0.2 estimated... 

Once the equations of error are defined, weighting factors , in terms of estimated accuracy of the experiment, are included. These are either taken as the accuracy of the corresponding measurement as given by the original author or estimated by the person who is doing the optimisation. The error is then divided by these weighting factors to provide a dimensionless relative error for all types of experimental measurement. In addition to this, the sensitivity to the measured value of changes in temperature and composition are considered. 

In practice, recombination of structure factors involves first weighting of the phases of the modified structure factors in a resolution dependent fashion, according to their estimated accuracy or probability. Every phase also has an experimental probability (determined by experimental phasing techniques and/or molecular replacement). The two distributions are combined by multiplication, and the new phase is calculated from this combined probability distribution. The measured associated structure factor amplitude is then scaled by the probability of the phase, and we have our set of recombined structure factors. 

The fluorescent decays are good exponentials. This indicates that only one excited state is involved and that the decay is first order. The estimated accuracy of the lifetime measurements is about 10 per cent, but because of the large quenching effect of H20, reproducibility is 5 per cent. 

The temperature of the cell was varied by circulating water or glycol solution through a water jacket. Temperatures were measured by means of a copper-eonstantan thermocouple with an estimated accuracy of - 2°C. Cell thicknesses were measured with a micrometer or by interference fringes. The alcohols and CC14 were dried prior to use. Concentrations are probably accurate to one per cent,... 

The latent heat of evaporation of sulphur (within an estimated accuracy of 2 per cent.) is 79. ... 

The isotope dilution results in Table II are on fuel source samples obtained from NBS which were considered homogeneous. The results in Table III are from the sampling points indicated in Figure 4. These summarized results are mostly by the SSMS general scan technique which has an estimated accuracy of better than 50%. The isotope dilution measurements are limited by the emulsion detector to 3-5%. The results are in grams of metal flow per minute. The mass balance for the various elements was computed by the following equations ... 

Meylan, W. 1997. Estimation Accuracy of the Atmospheric Oxidation Program Version 1.8, Syracuse Research Corporation, Syracuse, NY, February. 

It can be argued that the differences between the compared schemes are mainly due to the different estimation accuracy of the quantity aq (Fig. 5.6). It can be seen that, after the initial transient phase in which the model-free observers present an inverse response, both the adaptive (model-based and model-free) approaches achieve very good estimates. As for the parameter estimate, since both the adaptive observers (0O) and the controller (0C) estimates converge to the true value of 0 (see Fig. 5.7), it is possible to argue that the persistency of excitation condition is fulfilled. 

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