Liquid interferometric

Kenmore CK, Erskine SR, Bornhop DJ. Refractive-index detection by interferometric backscat-ter in packed-capillary high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 762, 219-225, 1997. 

The properties of the dual-film electrode were characterized by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflection absorption spectroscopy [3]. The FTIR spectrometer used was a Shimadzu FTIR-8100M equipped with a wide-band mercury cadmium teluride (MCT) detector cooled with liquid nitrogen. In situ FTIR measurements were carried out in a spectroelectro-chemical cell in which the dual-film electrode was pushed against an IR transparent silicon window to form a thin layer of solution. A total of 100 interferometric scans was accumulated with the electrode polarized at a given potential. The potential was then shifted to the cathodic side, and a new spectrum with the same number of scans was assembled. The reference electrode used in this experiment was an Ag I AgCl I saturated KCl electrode. The IR spectra are represented as AR/R in the normalized form, where AR=R-R(E ), and R and R(E ) are the reflected intensity measured at a desired potential and a base potential, respectively. 

Mumaghan FD (1937) Finite deformations of an elastic solid. Am J Math 49 235-260 Niesler H, Jackson I (1989) Pressure derivatives of elastic wave velocities from ultrasonic interferometric measurements on jacketed poly crystals. J Acoust Soc America 86 1573-1585 Nomura M, Nishizaka T, Hirata Y, Nakagiri N, Fujiwara H (1982) Measurement of the resistance of Manganin under liquid pressure to 100 kbar and its application to the measurement of the transition pressures of Bi and Sn. Jap J Appl Phys 21 936-939 Nye JF (1957) Physical Properties of Crystals. Oxford University Press, Oxford... 

Where and LH are the corresponding activation energy and enthalpy of phase transition and the coefficient defines the maximum probability that molecules will cross the interface between the liquid and SCF (vapor) phases. This simple relationship can explain the behavior of the mass transfer coefficient in Figure 15 when it is dominated by the interfacial resistance. Indeed, increases with temperature T according to Eq. (49) also, both parameters E and A// should decrease with increase of pressure, since the structure and composition of the liquid and vapor phases become very similar to each other around the mixture critical point. The decrease of A/f with pressure for the ethanol-C02 system has been confirmed by interferometric studies of jet mixing described in Section 3.2 and also by calorimetric measurements described by Cordray et al. (68). According to Eq. (43) the diffusion mass transfer coefficient may also increase in parallel with ki as a result of more intensive convection within the diffusion boundary layer. 

Beside direct disjoining pressure measurements an interferometric determination of this contact angle provides another way of examining thin liquid films. The Young equation applied here reads... 

As described earlier, Benard performed a number of careful interferometric measurements of the deformation of the liquid surface during convection, and correctly attributed the observed relief to the forces of surface tension. Benard s hexagonal cells were concave and were divided hy ridges, whose level was 1.7 p above the < 11 center when the layer of spermaceti was 1.20 mm thick and at a temperature of lOO C. Smaller thicknesses and lower temperatures yielded less pronounced ridges. Benard s thermal measurements placed the lateral temperature difference between the cell center and the cell partitions at approximately 1°C. In 1939, Hershey (HI) obtained an expression for the steady-state surface elevation due to surface tension differences caused by temperature differences on the surface. This expression reduces to... 

The first systematic investigation of steric interactions in a liquid film sandwiched between two macroscopic liquid bodies was that of Andrews et al. [53], who applied an electric field across the film, leading to a compressional force on the film that consisted of glycerol mono-oleate chains in hydrocarbon oils. The films were formed in a 1 mm hole in a Fluon disk that was mounted between two bulk aqueous electrolyte solutions. Sonntag et al. [54] have studied aqueous films sandwiched between two hydrocarbon layers. The aqueous film containing the nonionic surfactant was formed between two approaching emulsion droplets that were projected in the dispersion medium at the ends of two capillaries. The film thickness and its change were determined by means of an interferometric method. 

Fig. 5.4.5. Optical interferometric patterns showing terraces on the surface of a homeotropically aligned smectic liquid crystal formed by a solution of potassium oleate in aqueous methyl alcohol. / = 0.5893 m. (Reference 59.)...

The condensation of vapors inside nanometric PSi structures has been investigated (Moretti et ah, 2007). The liquid phase covers the pore surface as a thin film and fills a volume fraction in the sponge-like structure depending on the physical and chemical properties of each compound. The filling factor of different substances can be measured as a function of fractal-like PSi film porosity by means of an interferometric technique. The capillary condensation exhibits a nonlinear behavior at high porosities (greater than 0.8). 

An optical interferometric technique is used to measure the separation D, simultaneously providing also the liquid refractive index n and the curvature R. The mica sheets are made partially reflecting by evaporating a 40 -f 50 nm silver layer on the inner sides of the mica sheets. The cell is then illuminated by a collimated white light beam, in a direction perpendicular to both axis of the cylinders. The two partially reflective silver layers form a sort of three-layer curved interferometer selective transmission occurs only for the spectral components resonating with the mica/liquid/mica cavity . The transmitted wavelengths A are analyzed by an interferometer with a resolution better than 0.1 nm, to get information about the optical properties of the layers, especially the thickness D and the index n of the liquid. 

---