Sponge-like structure

Membrane simulations were performed with 2, = 4,9, and 15. The mesoscopic structure of the hydrated membrane is visualized in Figure 6.7, revealing a sponge-like structure similar to structures obtained by other mesoscale simulations.ii Together with hydrophilic beads of side chains, water beads... 

Raney nickel. A form of nickel with a sponge-like structure.. ... 

C-155 and S-155 materials showed a sponge like structure as the microphotograph of figure 4-B, but when S-155 was submitted to methylene blue adsorption test it did not show adsorption properties C-155 material instead showed a high adsorption activity. The last observation demonstrates that carbon structure is the responsible of the adsorptive behaviour and that the silica structure in this case acts only as an inert skeleton, but at the same time, silica was the responsible of the expanded carbon network developed during the synthesis of the composite. 

While it appears true that, after some time, multilayers tend to crystallize in a manner similar to molten substances, many of their properties indicate that they can exist in much less stable states. The skeletonized films have voids, amounting sometimes to about 50 per cent, of the volume, yet they retain their presumably sponge-like structure. Measurements of the surface potentials of multilayers give very varying results,2 and the potentials change considerably with time they appear to be mainly determined by ions entangled in the multilayers from the water, during deposition. 

The oilseed reaches typically 112.8°C (235°F), as read by a thermometer near the die plate, and approximately 10-13% moisture. Internal pressure is 13 0 times greater than atmospheric pressure. At this pressure and temperature, all moisture, even injected steam, is compressed into the liquid phase. On release into atmospheric pressure, some of the moisture flashes to reach equilibria. This vaporizing moisture inflates the collets with internal pores and surface cracks, imparting a porous, sponge-like structure to the collet. 

The oilseed reaches 235°E at 10-13% moisture at the die plate under a pressure of 30 0 atmospheres. All the water (natural moisture, injected steam, and liquid water) is compressed into the liquid phase. When the product leaves the high-pressure interior of the expander, some of the moisture flashes to reach equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. The flashing inflates the collets with internal pores and surface cracks, giving the collets a sponge-like structure. Eigure 17 shows typical soybean collets made with expander for solvent extraction. 

Fig. 1 shows the porous silicon structures formed on different silicon wafers. Porous silicon on p-type wafer is characteri d by a sponge-like structure with pore wall thickness of 2-4 nm and 5-6 rnn for wafers with resistivity of 12 and 0.03 Q cm, respectively (Fig. la,b). Porous silicon on n-type silicon (0.01 Q cm) shows a branch-like structure (Fig. lc,d). In this case mother pores branch out and form the daughter pores. The pore wall thickness is 7-10 nm for porous silicon anodized with the light exposition (Fig. Ic) and 15-20 nm for porous silicon anodized without the light exposition (Fig. Id). 

Phase-inversion membranes frequently show a sponge-like structure. The volume flux through these membranes is described by the Hagen-Poiseulle or the Kozeny-Carman relation, although the morphology is completely different. 

The sponge-like structure of CPG probably also explains why its resistance to pH is a little higher than that of silica gel. The solublity of SiOj increases with pH, but in the case of CPG this process rarely interferes with normal laboratory operation unless pH exceeds 9.0 or even 9.5. For silica gel pH above 8.0 is significant - see Fig. 4. 

While MCM-41- and 48-based materials dominate as the primary mesoporous materials explored for gas-phase propylene epoxidation, a recent article examines the reactivity of Au deposited on Ti-TUD containing 3 mol% Ti [57]. Ti-TUD consists of a sponge-like structure with an average pore size of about 13 run. Although the specific surface area of this material is less than that of MCM-41 or MCM-48, the larger pore system allowed for essentially all of the deposited Au to have access to the pore system. A maximum rate of 53.7 gpo kgcat 470 °C... 

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