Liquid cylinders

Smaller quantities of liquid nitrogen are shipped in liquid cylinders, which are pressurized stainless steel vacuum-insulated containers with capacities of 160—180 L of hquid nitrogen, producing 100—120 (3800—4600 SCF) gaseous nitrogen when vaporized. Moderate quantities of high pressure gaseous... 

Units are identified as (steam cylinder diameter, inches) (liquid cylinder diameter, inches) (length of stroke, inches). 

According to a newer theory83), see also84), the fracture energy 7 calculated from Eq. (43) or a similar relation has no connection with true surface energy. Energy is needed not to create a new surface but to deform the solid to its maximum strain. This rule is unquestionably correct for liquids. As was proved by Plateau (1869), a liquid cylinder can be extended by an external force until its length exceeds its circumference then it spontaneously splits into two spherical drops, and the combined area of the drops is smaller than that of the stretched cylinder. Thus, external work is required to stretch the cylinder, not to break it. 

The breakup of a cylindrical thread at rest has been studied [142,145,151]. A varicosity of wavelength A, (Fig. 1.14) at the surface of a liquid cylinder immersed in another liquid will be amplified if its development causes a decrease of the interfacial area. Such a condition is satisfied if A is larger than 2jtrc, tc being the radius... 

It is widely accepted that two mechanisms contribute to the observed hysteresis. The first mechanism is thermodynamic in origin [391,392], It is illustrated in Fig. 9.14 for a cylindrical pore of radius rc. The adsorption cycle starts at a low pressure. A thin layer of vapor condenses onto the walls of the pore (1). With increasing pressure the thickness of the layer increases. This leads to a reduced radius of curvature for the liquid cylinder a. Once a critical radius ac is reached (2), capillary condensation sets in and the whole pore fills with liquid (3). When decreasing the pressure again, at some point the liquid evaporates. This point corresponds to a radius am which is larger than ac. Accordingly, the pressure is lower. For a detailed discussion see Ref. [393],... 

Lord Rayleigh (31) was the first to investigate the stability of an infinitely long, liquid cylinder embedded in an immiscible liquid matrix driven by surface tension, taking into account inertia. Weber (32) considered stresses in the thread, and Tomotika (33) included the viscosity of the matrix as well. The analysis follows the evolution in time of small Rayleigh sinusoidal disturbance in diameter (Fig. 7.19) ... 

The containers used for transporting and storing the majority of cryogenic liquids are insulated cryogenic tankers, liquid cylinders, and stationary storage tanks. These containers are similar in design to a Thermos bottle. There is an inner vessel, which contains the cryogenic product, and an outer vessel. The space between the two vessels is under a vacuum and usually contains a wrapped insulation material such as aluminized Mylar, or it may contain a powdered insulation such as expanded perlite. The liquid cylinders, usually 160-250 L in capacity, are constructed to a... 

Liquid nitrogen gas is transported in liquid cylinders, nonpressurized Dewars, cryogenic tankers, and trailers. Gaseous nitrogen is a transported in high-pressure gas cylinders and tube trailers. Both forms of nitrogen also are transported via pipelines when the sources are at economical locations and distances from the applications. 

Argon is most economically shipped as a liquid. Liquid argon commonly is transported in liquid cylinders, cryogenic trailers, and portable tanks. Argon can be shipped in high-pressure gas cylinders and high-pressure cylinder trailers. 

Nitrous oxide is contained and transported in its liquid phase in high-pressure gas cylinders or in liquid cylinders. It is transported as a liquefied compressed gas under high pressure in cylinders and at lower pressures and reduced temperatures in refrigerated cargo tanks and insulated portable tanks. Nitrous oxide is stored in a foam-insulated tank accompanied by a refrigeration unit, which is similar to the tank used for carbon dioxide. 

B. J. Carroll and J. Lucassen, Effect of surface dynamics on the process of droplet formation from supported and free liquid cylinders, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 70, 1228-39 (1974). 

Ni wire (Fig. 7). The temperature amplitude 6 in water was 1.25 K. The minimum sample volume for Eq. (10) to apply is that of a liquid cylinder centered on the wire and having a radius equal to about 3//. At 2/= 1 Hz, this amounts to 25 pi. The method was validated with pure fluids (water, methanol, ethanol and ethylene glycol), yielding accurate A -ratios within 2% (Eq. 11) and absolute a value for water within 1.5% (Eq. 12). 

Since the average diameter of the droplets formed via the Rayleigh-Plateau instability of a liquid cylinder is proportional (and similar) to the diameter of the unstable cylinder, r oc Ca also gives an estimate of the radii of the droplets formed by shearing. 

CHEMICALS S = Student Celite 545, 5 g/S Chloroform, CHCI3 1 mL/S CO2, liquid, cylinder... 

Air Liquide cylinders. Tylan Mass flow controllers permitted to vary gas flow between 20 to 100 cm3 min . Carbon monoxide analysis was done before and after the reactor by nondispersive IR gas analyzer Binos-Leybold Heraeus. 

Figure 10.27 a) Schematic of sessile drop assuming it is a spherical cap. (/>) Liquid cylinder between two plates. 

For the liquid cylinder shown in Fig. 10.21b, show that the length beyond which it will become mechanically unstable is given by L — 2ttR. Is this the same value at which the cylinder becomes... 

The liquid cylinder has a limited volume, which is an important feature of the pump, and the cylinder must be re-filled after each stroke of the piston. 

The break-up of droplets in steady flow is generally approached through consideration of the hydrodynamic stability of liquid cylinders, which are assumed to be a precursor of break-up. The critical factor for the rate of break-up of a given cylinder is the rate at which instabilities grow, whereas for the ultimate drop size, it is the wavelength of the instability which dominates Figure 14.11). 

The flow calculation was carried out by finite-differential scheme, suggested in [lO] and the experiment was modulated on liquid cylinder loading Tq = 2 cm ( = 145 J, = 4 jus). 

Never weld in a confined space without supplied breathing air. Be aware that cylinders left open or liquid cylinders releasing pressure through a relief valve can introduce gas into the area that can displace oxygen and cause asphyxiation. Allow for lateral airflow into the welding through open doors and use of fans. 

The saturated liquid cycle is being used commercially today in the distribution of liquid oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen and helium. Lindens liquid cylinders (LC Series) and liquid shipping containers (LS Series) have operated... 

The first theoretical analysis of the breakup of a Newtonian thread in a quiescent Newtonian matrix was performed over a century ago by Rayleigh [284]. The disturbances that initiate the breakup process are often referred to as Rayleigh disturbances. Rayleigh analyzed only the effect of surface tension, neglecting the viscosities of the two phases. This work was extended by Tomotika [285] by including the effect of viscosity. The analysis considers a sinusoidal liquid cylinder the radius as a function of axial distance z is ... 

The dynamics of thin liquid films are often dominated by viscous friction. As such, the lubrication approximation is entirely appropriate. In this section, we discuss four examples in order of increasing difficulty. They are the thinning of a vertical liquid film, the levelling of a wavy film, and two examples of interfacial instability (suspended film and liquid cylinder). We restrict our attention here to films of thickness e > 100 nm, for which the long-range interactions described in chapter 4 can be neglected [P e) -> 0]. 

A second classic type of interfacial instability is mot with liquid cylinders. Consider, for instance, a fiber (a hair, with a typical diameter of 100 pm, is a good example) encased in a liquid sheath. Generally, such a film proves unstable. It develops a wavj profile (Figure 5.8). 

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