Lipid coating

The most effective of these include immobilization [80], lipid coating [81], surfactant coating [82], use of cross-linked enzyme crystals [83], cross-linked enzyme aggregates [84], and membrane reactors [85]. 

Eichler, K., Lipid coating in the food industries, Food Tech. Europe, 3 (1996) 122-126. 

Assessment of inflammation is another important goal. Both albumin- and lipid-coated PFC microbubbles are retained in inflamed tissue, for example, after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. This is because of a2-integrin- and complement-mediated attachment to and phagocytosis by activated leukocytes that adhere to vascular endothelium. 

E.C. Unger, T. Porter, W. Culp, R. Labell, T. Matsunaga, R. Zutshi, Therapeutic applications of lipid-coated microbubbles, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 56 (2004) 1291-1314. 

Senarath-Yapa MD, Saavedra SS, Aspinwall CA, Roberts DL (2004) Poly(lipid)-coated, bye doped silica nanoparticles for biological sensing applications. Abstr Pap Am Chem Soc 227 U849-U849... 

Okahata, Y. and Mori, T. (1997) Lipid-coated enzymes as efficient catalysts in organic media. Trends Biotechnol., 15, 50-54. 

Mori, T. Okahata, Y. Effective Biocatalytic Transgalactosylation in a Supercritical Fluid Using a Lipid-Coated Enzyme. Chem. Commun. 1998, 20, 2215-2216. Nakamura, K. Supercritical Fluid Bioreactor. In Bioproducts and Bioprocesses Flechter, A., Okada, H., Tanner, Eds. Springer-Verlag Berlin, 1989 pp. 257-265. 

From the data presented in Chapter 10, it becomes evident that the extreme longevity of the artificial surfactant-stabilized microbubbles described therein is, in part, related to their continuous interaction with the simultaneously formed mixed micelle population in the saturated surfactant solution. More specifically, the surfactant-stabilized microbubbles produced by mechanical agitation of saturated solutions of either CAV-CON s Filmix 2 or Filmix 3 apparently undergo a cyclical (or reversible) process of microbubble formation/coalescence/fission/disappearance, where the end of each cycle is characterized by a collapse of the lipid-coated microbubbles into large micellar structures (i.e., rodlike multimolecular aggregates), only to re-emerge soon after as newly formed, lipid-coated microbubbles (see also below). 

Fig. 11.1. Direct optical imaging of lipid-coated microbubbles (LCM) by phase-measurement interferometric microscopy (see text). (Taken from ref. 527.)...

TARGETED IMAGING OF TUMORS, AND TARGETED CAVITATION THERAPY, WITH LIPID-COATED MICROBUBBLES (L.C.M.)... 

In a subsequent brain-tumor study (ref. 526) using LCM along with a lipid-specific stain (cf. 569), a detailed evaluation of the actual distribution of lipid-coated microbubbles in the tumor and surrounding organ was conducted and compared to the distribution of echoes (from the microbubbles) on the sonogram. 

Fig. 12.1. These coronal scans are representative ultrasound images of a rat cerebral glioma before (top left) and less than 2 minutes after intravenous injection of 0.15 ml/kg of lipid-coated microbubbles (top right). A schematic representation (lower left) of the tumor (shaded) is presented in the context of the coronal scan. This image has been created from the actual map of the pixel intensities of the scan. The results are presented with black and white reversal for ease of interpretation. Lastly, a photomicrograph of the same cerebral tumor site, sectioned in the axial direction, is shown (lower right). (Taken from ref. 525.)...

Fig. 12.2. Microbubble count contour map. Lipid-coated microbubble (LCM) distribution in the tumor is represented by lines of microbubble isodensity in this contour map (bottom right). Notice that the area of needle/expansion artifact seen in the photomicrograph (bottom left) corresponds to a nil microbubble isodensity. The exploded panel from the photomicrograph clearly demonstrates the malignant features of the glioma. There is a significant freezing artifact in the left side of the photograph. (Taken from ref. 526.)...

Fig. 12.4. Demonstration of tumor targeting ability of LCM after i.v. injection into a rat bearing Novikoff hepatoma. All histologic sections were stained with Oil Red-O and counterstained with hematoxylin. (Top panel) A low-power view of the hepatoma and surrounding normal liver tissue. (Bottom panels) High-power insets of the neighboring normal liver parenchyma (bottom left) and the Novikoff hepatoma itself (bottom right). The lipid-coated microbubbles can be appreciated as solid black discs ranging in size from submicron up to 4 or 5 pm. (Taken from ref. 528.)...

C6 glioma cells were grown in F-10 medium supplemented with 10% horse serum and 2.5% fetal calf serum. Cells were plated on glass coverslips (22 mm2) and used when they reached 50% confluence. (LCM, lipid-coated microbubbles S.D., standard deviation.)... 

S.D., standard deviation CRE, cremophor LCM, lipid-coated microbubbles. b Day of killing , not death, as described in text. 

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