Linkage-based names

Common Name Abbreviation Trade Name Linkage-Based Name Source-Based Name Structure-Based Name... 

Linkage-based names are referred to by the name of the particular linkage that connects the polymers as shown in Table 3.2. The family name is poly followed by the linkage name. Thus, those polymers that contain the amide linkage are known as polyamides those containing the ester linkage are called polyesters, etc. 

Nylon. The name nylon covers a number of polymer compounds, all of which are based on the amide linkage, -C N-. 

Another aspect of matching output to user needs involves presentation of results in a statistical framework—namely, as frequency distributions of concentrations. The output of deterministic models is not directly suited to this task, because it provides a single sample point for each run. Analytic linkages can be made between observed frequency distributions and computed model results. The model output for a particular set of meteorologic conditions can be on the frequency distribution of each station for which observations are available in sufficient sample size. If the model is validated for several different points on the frequency distribution based on today s estimated emission, it can be used to fit a distribution for cases of forecast emission. The fit can be made by relating characteristics of the distribution with a specific set of model predictions. For example, the distribution could be assumed to be log-normal, with a mean and standard deviation each determined by its own function of output concentrations computed for a standardized set of meteorologic conditions. This, in turn, can be linked to some effect on people or property that is defined in terms of the predicted concentration statistics. The diagram below illustrates this process ... 

A compound with the same molecular weight as anandamide, but with a shorter retention time, was identified as O-arachidonoyl ethanolamine (arachidonic acid and ethanolamine joined by an ester linkage) (EC50 = 1906 nM). Based on this opposite orientation, the molecule was named virodhamine from the Sanskrit word, virodha, which means opposition. 

The most important organometalloid polymers are the polysiloxanes based on the siloxane Si-0 linkage found in glass and quartz (Chapter 12). The polysiloxanes were incorrectly named silicones by Kipping in the 1920s, but this name continues to be widely used. 

There are numerous examples of benzopyrylium salts, benzopyransand benzopyranones, and frequently they have trivial names that reflect their long history (see Box 5.1). Many are natural products, and frequently these compounds contain hydroxy or alkoxy groups (sometimes in the form of a sugar residue). Polyhydroxylated natural products based upon 2-phenylbenzopyrylium (flavylium) salts and with ether linkages to sugars are called anthocyanins, whereas without their sugars they are known as anthocyanidins. 

In order to make these points clearer, interatomic distances in representative compounds are listed in Table VII. The distortion of Mo6 should be caused by electronic effects from the individual cluster units and/or steric effects due to the linkage of the clusters. At one time the electronic effects were considered more important based on the band calculations (58, 84). The strong eg Mo rf-bonding character of the conduction band causes contraction of the Mo octahedron, and the filling of the tlu(Oh) - eu (S6) and t2u (Oh) —> au (S6) band is related to the smaller intratriangle distance. Namely, the larger shift of electrons from Mx and chalcogen atoms to the molybdenum atoms is related to smaller distortion of the Mo6 octahedra. 

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NlOSHl and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) reported in 1978 that the three primary benzidine-based azo dyes, namely Direct Black 38, Direct Blue 6. and Direct Brown 95, were carcinogenic in animals as a result of being converted to benzidine. These dyes are characterized by having a biphenyl diazo linkage ... 

In this case, reports are paper-based. The operator/user may record each significant step of the computer-related operation and/or critical outputs. Paper records and associated electronic records are retained, based the requirements of the applicable predicate rule. In hybrid systems, one approach to the signature/records linkage is by referencing the file(s) as part of the report. The reference may include the name, and creation date and time of the files associated with the batch report. Modifications to any referenced electronic file will invalidate the approval of the associated batch report. 

With these reactions, a vitamin A synthesis based on acetylene was developed in the 50s, but this synthesis gained no industrial significance since the individual synthesis steps were not economically practicable. It was not possible to realise the concept aimed at, namely to link a C15 unit with a C5 building block, in the last stage. For this purpose, a reaction was required in which C—C linkage takes place with the formation of an olefmic double bond. The other double bonds are also possible linking points for the synthesis of the vitamin A molecule (2) ... 

Condensation polymers based on an amide linkage have also found considerable commercial applications. For example, when the salt of adipic acid and hexamethyl-enediamine is heated to 270°C, a polyamide known as nylon 6,6 is formed. (The first number in the name of the nylon designates the number of carbons in the diamine, six in this case, and the second designates number of carbons in the diacid, also six in this case, that are used to form the nylon.)... 

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