Lining inspection

A tube manufacturer wanted to investigate the possibility for on-line measurement, calculation and presentation of eccentricity values on aluminum tubes when drawn at high velocities. Based on our experience from development of tube inspection systems [1, 2] for off-line inspection of precision tubes, a project was formulated. The main specifications for the tube manufacturing are summarized below ... 

Replacement of lines based on normal life expectancy will provide some degree of safety, but it is important that such provisions do not cause any degree of laxity in sling line inspection. 

Bimetallic Barrets Liners Instruments Controls Heaters Heating Elements Motors Drives On-line Inspection Devices... 

Table 7.3 shows the concentrations of 1-5 that result in 50% growth inhibition (GI50) of five human cancer cell lines. Inspection of these data reveals that cytostatic activity of 1 and 3-5 depends on the thermodynamic favorability of the quinone methide species compared to the corresponding keto form. The most cytostatic prekinamycins 1 and 5 are associated with the thermodynamically stable quinone methides. In contrast, the inactive prekinamycins 3 and 4 are associated with thermodynamically stable keto tautomers. The exception is prekinamycin 2, which is cytostatic and possesses a relatively stable keto tautomer 3 compared to its quinone methide. Although the AE value for quinone methide tautomerization can predict cytostatic properties, prekinamycin 2 shows that there must be other factors determining biological activity. 

Strain in dents may be estimated using data from deformation in-line inspection (ILI) tools or from direct measurement of the deformation contour. Direct measurement techniques may consist of any method capable of describing the depth and shape terms needed to estimate strain. The strain estimating techniques may differ depending on the type of data available. Interpolation or other mathematical techniques may be used to develop surface contour information from ILI or direct measurement data. Although a method for estimating strain is described herein, it is not intended to preclude the use of other strain estimating techniques. See also Fig. D-l. 

On-line inspection is a form of testing and in this context dimensional measurements are those most often made. Apart from gauges, micrometers and so on, there are various optical, electrical, nuclear and other methods which may have advantages in production circumstances. Descriptions of the use of such techniques can be found in the literature and in manufacturers data sheets. Some fairly recent examples relating to rubber and plastics products are given in references 12 - 16. However, the various techniques will not be reviewed here. 

Bottles are normally coded with a best before date and often a closed code giving the batch or production record for tracing purposes. These are applied by laser printer or ink jet onto the label, cap or neck of the bottle. There is a variety of on-line inspection devices available for ensuring the quahty of the product, for example, empty bottle inspectors, hydrocarbon sniffers (to check that returnable bottles have not been used for storage of paraffin, etc.), fill height detectors, label apphcation detectors and date code verifies. All of these can be found on the modem bottling line. 

The remaining task is to count the number of defects for each attribute as reported by the inspector during the course of the year following the finished piece inspection. This task is more time-consuming than difficult, assuming line inspection documents are well organized. The outcome is reported in Table 13. With this information available, the maximum fraction defective at a preselected... 

TRANSMISSION PNEU LINES INSPECTED, BLOWN CLEAR LEAK TESTED ... 

Routine lining inspection and maintenance procedures must be followed to obtain suitable lining life. Maintenance procedures described for acid sulfite digesters apply here with one addition, replacement of brick "fall-outs." This problem can be caused by movements of the lining and the steel shell, low compression in the lining, and the low bond strength between the Portland cement mortar and the carbon brick. Proper design considerations will normally reduce or eliminate this problem. 

The degree and type of production-based line inspection, and its relationship to the QC operation. Ideally line inspection should be based on SPC and involve an element of continuous improvement to remove defect causes. 

Shindo, W, Wang, E. H., Akella, R., Strojwas, A. J., Tomlinson, W, and Bartholomew, R. (1999), Effective Excursion Detection by Defect Type Grouping in In-line Inspection and Classification, IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 3-10. 

In-line inspections (ILI) are useful in obtaining a profile of defects in a pipeline. High-resolution UT and MFL ILI tools can be used to determine the geometry and orientation of corrosion defects. 

For gas distribution piping, corrosion mitigation is primarily sacrificial CP. Techniques such as in-line inspection are typically not an option for the relatively complex network of distribution mains and services, which makes integrity assessment of the piping difficult if not impossible. 

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