Linear resistance

This can be limited by using a non-linear resistance called Metrosil across the relay, as shown in Figure 15.27. If voltage reaches a dangerous level, this resistance will provide a low-resistance parallel path to the current and limit the voltage across the relay to about I kV. The current / through the non-linear resistance is given by... 

Rapid reinsertion of the capacitors as soon as the fault coiiditions are removed is an important requirement to retain the stability of the system. This can be achieved with the use of an additional ZnO. non-linear resistance (ZnO being the latest in this field compared to SiC. which was used earlier), across the capacitor banks (Figure 26.12). Generally, the ZnO resistor will be adequate to dampen the fault current without initiating the spark gap. and w ill limit the overvoltage across the capacitors. It will also permit automatic reinsertion of the capacitors as soon as the fault conditions are removed without causing a delay. The spark gap will serve as a backup to the ZnO resistor in the event of very severe faults. 

Complex structures such as tank farms, tank bottoms and marine installations have complicated attenuation patterns and it is not feasible to use complex equations to determine the effect. This must be determined by a current drain test or by practical experience. For pipelines the attenuation depends on the linear resistance of the pipe, coating resistance, and to some extent the resistivity of the soil. Connections to foreign structures and the method of termination of the line also affect the attenuation (see Section 10.1). 

Inhibitor control can be effected by conventional methods of chemical analysis, inspection of test specimens or by instrumentation. The application of instrumental methods is becoming of increasing importance particularly for large systems. The techniques are based on the linear (resistance) polarisation method and the use of electrical resistance probes. They have the advantage that readings from widely separated areas of the plant can be brought together at a central control point. (See Section 18.1.)... 

In general, any linear resistive process is described by the equation... 

The formation of two-layer PS on p-Si involves two different physical layers in which the potential-current relations are sensitive to the radius of curvature. The space charge layer of p-Si under an anodic potential is thin, which is responsible for the formation of the micro PS. The non-linear resistive effect of the highly resistive substrate is responsible for that of macro PS. The effect of high substrate resistivity should also occur for lowly doped n-Si. However, under normal conditions, the thickness of the space charge layer under an anodic potential, at which macro PS is formed, is on the same order of magnitude as the dimension... 

The output from the Grapple linear resistance bridge [7] was fed to a chart-recorder. For the experiments with styrene and indene, an instrument with a maximum speed of 20 cm-min 1 was used, but for the vinyl ethers a faster instrument with a maximum chart speed of 100 cm-min 1 was required. The signal from a WPA Scientific Instrument CMD 400 digital conductivity meter was fed to another recorder. At the end of each experiment, the electrical conductivity, Kf, of the reaction mixture was determined accurately with a Wayne-Kerr Autobalance bridge. 

Fig. 8.4 Plots of relative change in electrical resistance against tensile deformation of a CNT/epoxy composite (a) shows the various characteristics of the piezoresistivity of nanocarbon networks linear resistance change in the elastic regime, nonlinear region after inelastic deformation and the permanent electrical resistance drop due to plastic deformation (image adapted from [30]) ...

However, as mentioned in section 6, our awareness of this situation is not the same as being able to quantify the contributions of these various physical processes to the performance of a particular electrode under a specific set of conditions or in understanding all the factors that govern the rates of these processes. Unfortunately, due to the inherently convoluted nature of electrochemical and chemical processes, it has proven extremely difficult to isolate and study these processes individually in a complex system. We saw in sections 3—5 that impedance techniques can in some cases be used to isolate the linearized resistance of the interface from that of slower chemical steps via time scale. Various workers... 

A method for continuous determination of ionization wave propagation was developed (See Refs 9 11)- Basically the system uses a linear resistance element that is imbedded in the chge and usually positioned on the axis where chge symmetry will provide interactions of the greatest magnitude. In its... 

Consider an RC-circuit with linear resistance R. The charge Q on the condenser obeys macroscopically an equation with damping due to R, and must therefore be supplemented with a noise term,... 

In stark contrast, in the research field of the high temperature superconductivity (HTSC) the role of the lattice has been all but completely neglected by the majority. The conventional view is that it is a purely electronic phenomenon involving spin excitations, and is described, for instance, by the t-J model [2], There are many reasons why the lattice has been dropped from consideration almost from the beginning, such as the near absence of the isotope effect on the critical temperature, Tc, and the linear resistivity. However, the arguments against the lattice involvement are less than perfect [3],... 

RTD elements are normally constructed of platinum, copper, or nickel. These metals are best suited for RTD applications because of their linear resistance-temperature characteristics (as shown in Figure 1), their high coefficient of resistance, and their ability to withstand repeated temperature cycles. 

As the current increases due to the presence of organic vapor, the voltage drop across the linearizing resistance also increases and reduces the voltage across the electrode. For example if 1300 volts is applied to the detector and when a solute is eluted, the current increases to 10" amp, this will cause a 300 volt drop across the linearizing resistance of 3 x 10 and consequently reduce the voltage across the electrodes to 1000 volts. In this way the natural exponential response of the detector can be made sensibly linear. 

B. van der Pol. Forced oscillators in a circuit with non-linear resistance. (Reception with reactive triode). Phil. Mag., 3 64-80, 1927. 

Resistive materials used in thermometry include platinum, copper, nickel, rhodium-iron, and certain semiconductors known as thermistors. Sensors made from platinum wires are called platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs) and, though expensive, are widely used. They have excellent stability and the potential for high-precision measurement. The temperature range of operation is from -260 to 1000°C. Other resistance thermometers are less expensive than PRTs and are useful in certain situations. Copper has a fairly linear resistance-temperature relationship, but its upper temperature limit is only about 150°C, and because of its low resistance, special measurements may be required. Nickel has an upper temperature limit of about 300°C, but it oxidizes easily at high temperature and is quite nonlinear. Rhodium-iron resistors are used in cryogenic temperature measurements below the range of platinum resistors [11]. Generally, these materials (except thermistors) have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance—the resistance increases with temperature. 

As far as D2 is concerned and given the greater value supposed for x, we will consider that this depletion layer is not necessarily homogenous from an electric point of view, and that there will be a linear resistivity gradient ... 

To first order in the electric field, which is included in the on-site energies the solution of the steady state and the current equations are equivalent to the solution of a linear resistance network [38]. 

HAMA), were polymerized. Each star-block copolymer had low polydispersity and approximately five mers per arm. All the resists used were chemically amplified with a 5% photo-add generator added, and they were exposed with an e-beam in order to have a first lithographic evaluation. They found that the star resist was 20% more sensitive than the linear resist and it also exhibited a lower LER that was greater than 10% in some cases. 

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