Line spacing chart

Header growth causes another problem that is often not as obvious. The line spacing chart may have been used to set distances between lines, or lines may have been set dose to a column. Exhibit 11-8 reveals that the movement of a line must not be restricted by... 

For banks of in-line tubes,/for isothermal flow is obtained from Fig. 6-43. Average deviation from available data is on the order of 15 percent. For tube spacings greater than 3D(, the charts of Gram, Mackey, and Monroe (Trans. ASME, 80, 25—35 [1958]) can be used. As an approximation, the pressure drop can be taken as 0.32 velocity head (based on V ) per row of tubes (Lapple, et al.. Fluid and Paiiicle Mechanics, University of Delaware, Newark, 1954). 

Line chart Pictogram Pie chart Contour plot Stereogram Color map Histogram Means plot Sliding reference distribution Notched box plot Factor space/response Interaction plot Contour plot Predicted response plot Confidence region plot Confidence limits Graph paper Power curves Nomographs Sample-size curves Trilinear coordinates... 

The spacings for all axial ratios c/a can be represented on a chart which is similar to those already described but has values of log h2 on one side and log l2 on the other. The tetragonal chart could be used, curves other than hOl being ignored but the many unwanted curves are confusing, and it is therefore better to construct a special chart from which the unwanted lines are omitted. Since this chart is symmetrical about the centre line, it is necessary to construct only half of it. The use of this chart is illustrated in Fig. 78. 

The 3-D Surface chart type in Excel s gallery of charts is not a true 3-D chart, but rather a Line chart in two dimensions. The X and Y axes are Categories — only the Z axis is proportional to the data plotted. Thus if you attempt to produce a 3-D chart using Excel, you ll have to take this limitation into account and work within it. The values on the X and Y axes must be equally spaced. Since only one Z axis value can be charted for any pair of X and Y Axis values, you can t produce a plot of a closed surface, such as a sphere. But this type of chart can be useful, for example, to show the effect of changing two variables on the yield of a process. 

The chart and scale are used for indexing in the following manner. The spacing d of the reflecting planes corresponding to each line on the diffraction pattern is calculated. Suppose that the first seven of these values for a particular pattern are 6.00,4.00, 3.33, 3.00,2.83,2.55, and 2.40 A. A strip of paper is first laid alongside... 

The powder pattern of zinc made with Cu A a radiation (Fig. 3-13) will serve to illustrate how the pattern of a hexagonal substance is indexed. Thirteen lines were observed on this pattern their sin 0 values and relative intensities are listed in Table 10-2. A fit was obtained on a Hull-Davey chart for hexagonal close-packed lattices at an approximate cja ratio of 1.87. The chart lines disclosed the indices listed in the fourth column of the table. In the case of line 5, two chart lines (10- 3 and 11-0) almost intersect at cja = 1.87, so the observed line is evidently the sum of two lines, almost overlapping, one from the (10 3) planes and the other from (11 -0) planes. The same is true of line 11. Four lines on the chart, namely, 20 0, 10 4, 21 -0, and 20 4, do not appear on the pattern, and it must be inferred that these are too weak to be observed. On the other hand, all the observed lines are accounted for, so we may conclude that the lattice of zinc is actually hexagonal close-packed. The next step is to calculate the lattice parameters. Combination of the Bragg law and the plane-spacing equation gives... 

The Chart Wizard is the usual starting point for graphs in Excel, and a number of different formats are on offer. For calibration graphs always choose the XY (Scatter) plot, which is about halfway down the menu. Do not choose Line which spaces out the points equally. 

Figure 11 shows the FLI charts of the actions space around I = 0.3, I2 = 0.15 for different values of e. In these pictures the region between the two white lines is the resonance associated to I — 2/2 = 0, and the two white lines correspond to its hyperbolic border where diffusion is confined. These charts provide us the possibility of choosing initial conditions in the hyperbolic border. Taking the double section a = pi +... 

Area charts show the relative contributions over time that each data series makes to a whole picture and are stacked line graphs in the sense that values are added to the variables below. Unlike line graphs, the space between lines is filled with shadings. 

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