Short-term Applications

All the mechanical properties described in tests for the conventional data sheet properties represented values of short-term application of forces, and, in most cases, the data obtained from such tests are used for comparative evaluation or as controlling specifications for quality determination of materials along with short-duration and intermittent-use design requirements. 

This publication is particularly concerned with applications where a numerical prediction of lifetime is attempted. With traditional materials such as brick, which is much the same as it was fifty or a hundred years ago, prediction would be based on experience. For short-term applications of polymers this is increasingly the case. For longer-term applications, however, this is impossible, since fifty years ago many of the plastics which are common nowadays were only emerging from the laboratory, and the stabilisers which prolong their lives so dramatically had not been developed. 

Most short-term applications of EPO are non-renal related, and generally display very few side-effects i.v. administration can sometimes prompt a transient flu-like syndrome, while s.c. administration can render the site of injection painful. This latter effect appears, however, to be due to excipients present in the EOP preparations, most notably the citrate buffer. EPO administration can also cause bone pain, although this rarely limits its clinical use. 

The short-term application of an increased dose rate of chemical inhibitor enhances the corrosion inhibiting potential of an already passivated metal surface. Nevertheless, in order to change the metal surface from an active state to a passive state, the electrode potential must be raised to a level above that of the passivation potential. Typically this is achieved by the use of chromate, nitrite, and/or orthophosphate in the presence of oxygen. 

For short-term applications, the host reaction to the foreign material should reach steady state rapidly and resist fouling during the duration of use. For long-term implantations, the steady-state immune response must be limited to minimal fibrous... 

Despite the problems mentioned, the passive control of protein adsorption is excellently suited for short-term applications and many situations in a controlled environment ex vivo. 

The first and short-term application of the reporting template was made for the EU-wide collection of monitoring data lannched in 2007 for the revision of the first list of priority substances. 

While materials that lose heparin at a controlled rate can be clinically acceptable in short-term applications, the long-term use of heparinized materials requires materials that do not lose heparin, yet retain the biological function of the heparin. This investigation and others indicate that these requirements are not mutually exclusive, and that bound heparin can potentially retain its biological activity over the long term. Heparinization can be an important means of preparing the materials needed for the development of improved cardiocirculatory-assist devices and blood handling procedures. 

Certification of seeds and other propagating materials as being disease-free or disease-tested is another short term application of immunoassays. Commercial products or services employing antibody-based tests are available for detecting viruses in seed potatoes and lettuce seed. These assays are performed primarily in central laboratories, but simplification of assay formats and procedures will permit seed crops to be monitored more closely throughout the production cycle to assure that elite stock remains pathogen or pest-free. 

Caulophyllum thalictroides) suggest that it should be avoided as a partus preparator, with use limited to short-term application to induce or augment labor, and then only with the proper guidance and monitoring of an expert qualified in the appropriate use of the selected herb or formula (Jones and Lawson 1998 Wright 1999). 

It is tempting to think that for these short-term applications, biodegradable plastics offer a satisfactory compromise. It is probably true, for instance, with disposable covers or green bin liners for collecting compostable waste. However, as they decompose, these materials can release additives which are harmful for the ecosystem. Thus, we need to look carefully at these aspects [STA 06]. 

To first obtain an ECG the patient must be physically connected to the amplifier front end. The patient/amplifier interface is formed by a special bioelectrode that converts the ionic current flow of the body to the electron flow of the metallic wire. These electrodes typically rely on a chemical paste or gel with a high ionic concentration. This acts as the transducer at the tissue-electrode interface. For short-term applications the use of silver-coated suction electrodes or sticky metallic foil electrodes are... 

With respect to the effect of environments, carbon fibres can be largely considered to be inert since they are stable to higher temperatures than the resin matrices can withstand. At temperatures above 300 °C, the fibres begin to degrade in oxidising atmospheres, but most polymers have a lower maximum service temperature. The advanced polyimides and PMR (polymerisation of monomer reactants) systems can survive temperatures up to 450 °C, but these are usually in short-term applications [27]. It is also unlikely that composites will be in contact with damaging solvents such as concentrated oxidising acids such as sulphuric and/or nitric acids. 

The aim of this book is to discuss the development, characterization, fuel cell performance, and applications of the PEM direct methanol fuel cells. Regarding the last issue, the lower power density and higher costs of DMFCs compared to conventional hydrogen-feed PEM fuel cells, have reoriented their short-term applications towards portable electronics. 

Also physical absorbents, like molecular sieves and silica gel or activated carbon, can be used for short-term applications. 

In the early 1970 s another major, but short-term application developed based on the pyrophoric nature of cerium/mischmetal. This use involved the manufacture of a mischmetal-magnesium alloy as a liner for artillery shells, which would burn with an intense heat upon impact. These shells were primarily intended for antitank warfare. Although the mischmetal production for these shell liners was high, it only lasted about 18 months. 

At present, PLA-based materials are mainly referenced on three different markets, namely, the biomedical (initial market), the textile (mainly in Japan) and the packaging (mainly food, i.e. short-term applications). For instance, reported types of manufactured products are blow-moulded bottles, injection-moulded cups, spoons and forks, ther-moformed cups and trays, paper coatings, fibres for textile industry or sutures, films and various moulded articles [8]. 

---