Limestone quality

Sajwan, K. S., V. P. Evangelou, and J. Lumbanraja. 1991. A new rapid approach for evaluating limestone quality by automanometric isothermal apparatus. Soil Sci. 151 444-451. 

Luminescence. Limestone possesses only limited luminescent qualities, ranging from very faint or none with the impure types. However, quicklime is very luminescent at calcining temperatures, hence the term limelight. 

Projects in the CCT program demonstrated innovative applications for both wet and dry or seniidry FGD systems. The wet FGD systems, which use limestone as an absorber, have met or exceeded the 90 percent SO, removal efficiency required to meet air quality standards when burning high-sulfur coal. The di"y or semidry systems use lime and recycled fly ash as a sorbent to achieve the required removal. 

Barley is an important crop, with the best quality grains sold for malting and the remainder used for feeding all classes of stock, especially pigs, dairy cows and intensively fed beef. Barley straw can be used for bedding and as a maintenance ration. Barley is a shallow-rooted crop which grows well on chalk and limestone soils, with a preferred pH of 6.5. Its place in the rotation can be when soil fertility is low, which means that it can follow a previous cereal crop such as wheat. 

Hedin, S. Watzlaf, G., Narin, R. 1994. Passive treatment of acid mine drainage with limestone. Journal of Environmental Quality, 23, 1338-1345. 

Ground limestone (lime) is usually used to increase the pH of acid soils, thus making them less acid. The amount of lime needed depends on a number of factors, such as the current acidity level of the soil, the quality of the limestone and the soil it is applied to. The only really accurate way to know how much lime is required is to have a soil test done. 

Figures 10.9S(a,b) show isopleths calculated between (a) corium and siliceous concrete and (b) corium and limestone concrete. Comparison between experimental (Roche et al. 1993) and calculated values for the solidus are in reasonable agreement, but two of the calculated liquidus values are substantially different. However, as the solidus temperature is more critical in the process, the calculations can clearly provide quite good-quality data for use in subsequent process simulations. Solidus values are critical factors in controlling the extent of crust formation between the melt-concrete and melt-atmosphere interface, which can lead to thermal insulation and so produce higher melt temperatures. Also the solidus, and proportions of liquid and solid as a function of temperature, are important input parameters into other software codes which model thermal hydraulic progression and viscosity of the melt (Cole et al. 1984).

Drift when the newly constructed treatment system was tested in January and February of 2002 (Nuttall 2003). This water, of Ca-Mg-HC03 facies, is similar in quality to individual roof drippers sampled during the operation of the mine (unpublished Coal Authority data), and clearly represents incoming water, which has thus far been largely in contact with the overlying limestones (Fig. 5). 

Lime.—This substance, which forms an important constituent in flint-glass, maybe introduced either as a carbonate, or slaked or burned. Limestone, however, that contains proto-carbonate of iron, must be excluded from tha mixture for making white glass. The action of lima is to render the alkaline silicates insoluble, and when rightly balanced by the other ingredients, it promotes the fusion of the whole, and improves the quality, but when added in excess, the glass becomes hard and difficult to work, and subjoet to devitrification. 

When alumina is combined with the silica, forming a natural clay, a much more compact and fusible compound is formed with the lime than when the silica is alone. Indeed, it has been observed as a general principle, that tire point of fusion is materially affected by the relation and number of bases the whole materials contain thus, a more liquid scoria is obtsined by the addition of a limestone containing magnesia than with a pure limestone. But experience is against the use of a magnesieu limestone, because it deteriorates the iron produced, while the purity of the metal iB the primary consideration. That which contains much silica should also be used sparingly, as silica combines with the iron and injures its quality, -The purest limestones are the most suitable for flux. Common marble is nearly a pnre carbonate of lime but is too rare and expensive to be used as a flux. 

Raw Materials. The basic raw materials limestone and coke or coal (qv) should be high quality. Limestone should contain a minimum of 95—97% CaC03 and a maximum of 1.5% MgCCk, 1—1.5% Si02, 1% Fe203 plus AL O and 0.006% phosphoms (see Lime and limestone). The limestone is first converted to lime in a rotary or vertical shaft kiln. The lime is screened to eliminate fines that interfere with the evolution of carbon monoxide in the smelting process. 

Corundum is found as an accessory mineral in the crystalline rucks such as crystalline limestone and dolomites, gneisses, schists as well as in the igneous rock types granite and syenite. Corundum syenites are found in Canada, especially in the Province of Ontario. Rubies have long been mined in Upper Burma both rubies and sapphires arc found near Bangkok, Thailand. Numerous localities in India furnish gem stones of high quality. 

Ill the United Slates, common corundum is found in New York. New Jersey, Pennsylvania. Virginia. North Carolina. South Carolina and Georgia sapphires of gem quality near Helena. Montana, associated with alluvial gold in the Missouri River. From the crystalline limestones and schists of the islands of Naxos and Samos in the Grecian archipelago most of the emery of commerce comes. Other deposits are near Ephesus in the Middle East, and in the mwn of Chester in Massachusetts. The word corundum conies from the Hindu, kurand emery is derived from the Greek name for this substance. 

Limestone and dolomite commonly host water with 500-800 mg/1 total dissolved salts, mainly Ca(HC03)2, in the case of limestone, and (Ca,Mg)(HC03)2 in the case of dolomites. The relevant chemical water-rock interactions are discussed in section 6.8. Water encountered in limestone and dolomite is generally tasty and of high quality. 

The tomb was cut from very poor quality limestone that is veined with sodium chloride. Some of these veins are several meters long and about 2 cm thick. The walls of the tomb were plastered with a 3-5-cm-thick mortar, carved in low relief, and coated with a thin white layer (27). From recent carbonate analyses, we found that this thin white layer consists of calcium carbonate whitewash. This whitewash was painted during the final stages of the tomb s construction. 

Comparison with Horemheb s Tomb. The results were compared with those obtained from the analysis of the plaster of the royal tomb of Horemheb (number 57, Valley of the Kings, Thebes, Upper Egypt) (Figure 4). The tomb of Horemheb, approximately 80 years older than that of Nefertari, has been recently restored and is now relatively well preserved (36). It was excavated from limestone of excellent quality, and its original plaster is strong and cohesive. A comparison of the chloride and sulfate contents of... 

---