Lignite power stations

Does not include cost of FGD in new coal/lignite power stations in Germany and Netherlands since this assumed to be part of existing policy (see p.135). 

Black coal. Black coal ranges from Cretaceous age (65 to 105 million years ago) to mid-Permian age (up to 260 million years ago). They are all black some are sooty and still quite high in moisture (sub-bituminous coal). A common name for this coal in many parts of the world is "black lignite. Coals that get more deeply buried by other rocks lose more moisture and start to lose their oxygen and hydrogen they are harder and shinier (e.g., bituminous coal). Typical energy contents are around 24 to 28 MJ/kg. These coals generally have less than 3% moisture, but some power stations burn coal at up to 30% ash. 

Nearly all the different forms of coal are used in some way or other. For instance, peat has been used for burning in furnaces, lignite is used in power station and home stoves, whereas bitiuninous coal is nsed extensively for the generation of electricity. Coke is used primarily in the steel industry, where high temperatures are required. 

Canada Nova Scotia Sydney Basin 3 seams Canada Saskatchewan 8 lignites Canada Saskatchewan Estevan lignite Canada subbituminous and bituminous feed coals at 7 power stations... 

Naturally occurring pozzolans are trass (a volcanic tufaceous rock found in the Rhineland, Bavaria and Austria), santorin earth (Greece) and the Italian pozzolans (Pozzuoli near Naples). A synthetic material with similar properties is fly ash, which is produced in hard coal- and lignite-fired power stations. 

By 2000 approximately 40-55% of these emissions are, on current abatement policies, expected to come from coal and lignite fired power stations. These sources contribute a somewhat higher share to SO2 transported over long distances than low level emitters. 

From the disaggregated analysis of the forecasts above/ it is estimated that coal and lignite fired power stations will contribute overall approximately 45-55% of total emissions by the year 2000. 

In a scenario, where only new coal fired power stations were required to install FGD over the 1982-2000 period, the additional total capital cost of installing and operating FGD in new coal and lignite fired oower stations and industrial boilers >25 MW added in the High and Low Economic Growth cases would be ... 

Gypsum samples were also taken from two Spanish pulverized coal (co) combustion power plants and the mercury species identified were different (Figure 4) [92]. The study was carried out in two (A and B) power plants equipped with high efficiency ESPs and a wet limestone-based with forced oxidation FGD facility. Power plant A bums a coal blend ranging from local sub-bituminous coals (60%) close to lignite to bituminous coals (40%), while power station B burns a blend of antliracites (80%) and petroleum-coke (20%). Gypsum samples were called FGD-A and FGD-B from power station A and B, respectively. 

The financial support of The Texas Engineering Experiment Station, The Texas A M University Center for Energy and Mineral Resources, is very much appreciated. The lignite was supplied by Texas Municipal Power Agency (TMPA), Carlos, Texas. 

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