Howard process

Walter B. Howard, Process Safety Technology and the Responsibilities of Industry, Chemical Engineering Progress (September 1988), pp. 25-33. 

MARATHON-HOWARD PROCESS. A treatment of waste sulfite liquor from sulfite pulp manufacture In recover chemicals and reduce steam pollution. The waste sulfite is treated with line and precipitates. (I) calcium sulfite for use in preparing fresh cooking acid for the sulfite pulp process, and 121 a basic calcium salt tif ligmn sulfonic acid (lignin sullYmalesi that can be pressed and used as a fuel of used as raw- material for vanillin, lignin plasties, and other chemicals. The remaining liquor with its BOD reduced X() ( is the effluent. 

With the Howard process, 5-10 percent vanillin is produced, based on the lignin in the waste sulfite liquor. Some vanillin is produced from sulfite waste liquor in both the United States and Canada. 

In the Howard process, the hgnin sulfonate is precipitated by an excess of hme (aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide). Depending on the reaction conditions, one may obtain lignin sulfonates of variable quality the greatest influences being the temperature (125-130 °C), the duration of the reaction (7 or 6 hours) and the Ca /S02 ratio. 

Howard M J and Smith I W M 1983 The kinetics of radical-radical processes in the gas phase Prog. Reaction Kin. 12 57-200... 

W. B. Howard, Case Histories of Two Incidents Following Process Safety Reviews, Proceedings of the Thirty-first Annual Loss Prevention Symposium, AIChE, New York, 1997. 

Radiation field, interaction with nega-ton-positon field, 642 Radtke, M. ( ., 408 Raiffa, Howard, 314 Random coding, 227 Random particle velocity, 19 Random processes, 99,102 Gaussian, 176 harmonic analysis of, 180... 

HOWARD L R, SMITH R T, WAGNER A B, viLLALON B, and BURNS E E (1994) Provitamin A and ascorbic acid content of fresh pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum) and processed jalapenos , J Food Sci, 59 (2) 362-5. 

Clark, J.B. Fast, C.R. Howard, G.C. "A Multiple Fracturing Process for Increasing the Productivity of Wells," 1952 Spring Meeting of the Midcontinent District API, Wichita, KS, March 19-21. 

Mercury fulminate has the formula Hg(ONC)2. It was probably discovered by Howard in 1800 and its constitution was established by Nef. The method of preparation is known as the Chandelon process and is a complex reaction studied by Wieland. Mercury is dissolved in an excess of warm nitric acid and ethyl alcohol added to the resulting solution. Considerable bubbling occurs in the strong reaction, so this is usually carried out in capacious glass balloons . At the end of the reaction the mercury fulminate remains as a dense precipitate which is filtered and washed several times. 

Surface Water t,/2 = 48-192 h, based on a soil column study in which aerobic groundwater was continuously percolated through quartz sand (Kappeler Wuhrmann 1978 Howard et al. 1991) t,/2 = 1 d in surface waters in case a first order reduction process may be assumed (estimated, Zoeteman et al. 1980). 

Volatilization Volatilization and biodegradation may be dominant transport and transformation processes for styrene in water calculated volatilization t,/2 = 3 h from a river 1-m deep with a current speed of 1.0 m/s and wind velocity of 3 m/s (Howard 1989) ... 

Fresh peppers are excellent sources of vitamins A and C, as well as neutral and acidic phenolic compounds (Howard and others 2000). Levels of these can vary by genotype and maturity and are influenced by growing conditions and processing (Mejia and others 1988 Howard and others 1994 Lee and others 1995 Daood and others 1996 Simmone and others 1997 Osuna-Garcia and others 1998 Markus and others 1999 Howard and others 2000). Peppers have been reported to be rich in the provitamin A carotenoids (3-carotene, a-carotene, and (3-cryptoxanthin (Minguez-Mosquera and Hornero-Mendez 1994 Markus and others 1999), as well as xanthophylls (Davies and others 1970 Markus and others 1999). Bell peppers have been shown to exert low antioxidant activity (Al-Saikhan and others 1995 Cao and others 1996 Vinson and others 1998) or may even act as pro-oxidants (Gazzani and others 1998). 

Howard LR and Hernandez-Brenes C. 1998. Antioxidant content and market quality of jalapeno pepper rings as affected by minimal processing and modified atmosphere packaging. J Food Qual 21 317-327. Hribar J, Plestenjal A, Vidrih R and Simcic M. 1994. Influence of CO2 shock treatment and ULO storage on apple quality. Acta Hort 368 634. 

Howard LA, Wong AD, Perry AK and Klein. 1999. fi-Carotene and ascorbic acid retention in fresh and processed vegetables. J Food Sci 64(5) 929-936. 

The judges listened — like children listening to Buck Rogers — as Dr. ter Meer testified for hours. Not until November 1938 did he take the trip he had planned the year before. A Colonel Loeb in the Ministry of Economics had insisted that the buna process be held back, but, said Ter Meer, he resolved to hand over to Howard in New York the buna process. He went to the Reich Ministry of Economics to get Loeb s permission ... 

In 1938, when Mr. Howard and Mr. Teagle of Standard Oil wanted to learn from Ter Meer why they hadn t yet received the long-deferred buna process, Von Knieriem added his voice. Calming the gentlemen down, he and Ter Meer had, in exchange for one more empty postponement, talked them out of Standard s secret military formula for making tetraethyl lead, the indispensable component of aviation gasoline. 

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