Light transmittance

Fig. 3. Visible-light transmittance of automotive laminate A, 475-mm monolithic glass B, 5-mm laminated glass.

Direct photography of drops in done with the use of fiber optic probes using either direct or reflected light. StiU or video pictures can be obtained for detailed analysis. The light transmittance method uses three components a light source to provide a uniform collimated beam, a sensitive light detector, and an electronic circuit to measure the amplified output of the detector. The ratio of incident light intensity to transmitted intensity is related to interfacial area per unit volume. 

A measure of the color developed by impurities when trimeUitate esters are produced can be correlated with the anhydride color measurement. The method measures the color difference in light transmittance between a trimellitic solution and a 3.0 N sodium hydroxide solution as a reference. The difference in light transmittance or AH (total color difference) is obtained using a colorimeter. 

Samples S/B mole. b ratios Elongation at break, % Light transmittance, % Charpy impact strength, J /m Heat distortion temperature, °C... 

The original Ringelmann chart was a reflectance chart the observer viewed light reflected from the chart. More recently, light transmittance charts have been developed for both black (1) and white (2) gradations of optical density which correlate with the Ringelmarm chart scale. It is now common practice in the United States to send air pollution inspectors to a "smoke school" where they are trained and certified as being able to read the density of black and white plumes with an accuracy that is acceptable for court testimony. 

FIGURE 5.6 Calcitonin receptor responses, (a) Real-time melanin dispersion (reduced light transmittance) caused by agonist activation (with human calcitonin) of transfected human calcitonin receptors type II in melanophores. Responses to 0.1 nM (filled circles) and lOnM (open circles) human calcitonin, (c) Dose-response curves to calcitonin in melanophores (open circles) and HEK 293 cells, indicating calcium transient responses (filled circles). 

FIG. 19 Light transmittance ( = 650 mm) of alternating mnltUayer of particles lb and 2 vs. number of deposited particle layers. (+) or (—) indicate that positively or negatively charged particles, respectively, were deposited in the last adsorption step (substrate glass modified with 3-AMDS and subsequently acidified). (From Ref. 156.)... 

Variety Luster Light transmittance Color Other features... 

Moyssiadi T, Badeka A, Kondyli E, Vakirtzi T, Savvaidis I and Kontominas M G (2004), Effect of light transmittance and oxygen permeability of various packaging materials on keeping quality of low fat pasteurized milk chemical and sensorial aspects , International Dairy Journal, 14, 429 -36. 

Willason and Johnson [53] have described a modified flow-injection analysis procedure for ammonia in seawater. Ammonium ions in the sample were converted to ammonia which diffused across a hydrophobic membrane and reacted with an acid-based indicator. Change in light transmittance of the acceptor steam produced by the ammonia was measured by a light emitting diode photometer. The automated method had a detection limit of 0.05 xmol/l and a sampling rate of 60 or more measurement per hour. 

Teasdale JR, Mohler CL (1993) Light transmittance soil temperature, and soil moisture under residue of hairy vetch and rye. Agronomy J 85 673-680 Teasdale JR, Mohler CL (2000) The quantitative relationship between weed emergence and the physical properties of mulches. Weed Sci 48 385-392 Teasdale JR, Pillai P (2005) Contribution of ammonium to stimulation of smooth pigweed germination by extracts of hairy vetch residue. Weed Biol Manag 5 19-25 Teasdale JR, Beste CE, Potts WE (1991) Response of weeds to tillage and cover crop residue. Weed Sci 39 195-199... 

The light transmittance of transparent polyamides is of the order of 85% up to more than 90% with a refractive index of 1.516, for example. 

Amorphous PET is transparent with light transmittance ranging from 80% up to 92%, haze of roughly 0.3-1.3% and a refractive index of about 1.575. Glass Polymers are specially designed to mimic thick glass for packaging cosmetics and healthcare products. 

Optical properties are not greatly affected by long outdoor exposures. For example, after three-years exposure in a sunny climate, the light transmittance of given grades is superior to 90%, and the yellowing and haze are slight. 

Number of sites for acceptor on ligand (so-called ligand valence ) I50 or I0.5 Light transmittance Inhibitor yielding 50% inhibition or... 

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