Light shifts

Figure Cl.4.5. Population modulation as the atom moves through the standing wave in the Tin-periD-lin one dimensional optical molasses. The population lags the light shift such that kinetic is converted to potential energy then dissipated into the empty modes of the radiation field by spontaneous emission (after 1171).

Quality of installation and the adherence to design specifications of the equipment should be evaluated to ensure that errors during shipping and installation were not made. Often overlooked at this phase are human factors considerations for the construction crew, such as selection of the contractor, training of the crew, lighting, shift work, procedures, and supervision. 

One of the characteristics of the porous film is that there is no effect on the film size in the solvents, despite the existence of PVAc, because of the enormous space taken up by the PVA cells versus the PVAc amount. If the porous film is dipped in a solvent, the PVAc concentration in the PVA cells may be appreciated by the residual PVAc amount. Because the refractive index of the PVAc solution in contact with PVA cells becomes lower as the amount of PVAc with a low-refractive index increases, the wavelength of the transmitted light for the porous film shifts to the short side, and the color of the scattered light shifts to the yellow side. This consideration successfully explains the experimental results in Table 4. 

The temporal evolution of P(r,t 0,0) is determined by the diffusion coefficient D. Owing to the movement of the particles the phase of the scattered light shifts and this leads to intensity fluctuations by interference of the scattered light on the detector, as illustrated in Figure 9. Depending on the size of the polymers and the viscosity of the solvent the polymer molecules diffuse more or less rapidly. From the intensity fluctuations the intensity autocorrelation function... 

Cadmium sulfide particulate films, generated in thicknesses of 300 50 A at arachidic acid (AA) monolayer interfaces, have been characterized in situ by STM under potentiostatic control [644], Electrical contact was made between the tip of the STM, acting as the working electrode (WE), which was in contact with the CdS particulate film floating on aqueous 0.30 M NaCl, and the reference (RE) and counter (CE) electrodes, placed in the subphase (Fig. 112) [644]. A well-defined single-reduction wave at about — 1.15 V was observed. Prolonged exposure to room light shifted the reduction peak to — 0.85 V. Electrical and photoelectrical characterizations have also been performed on Ti-foil-supported, 5000-A-thick CdS particulate films in an electrochemical cell (Fig. 113) [644]. The Ti foil was used as the WE, while the RE and CE were placed into 0.50 M... 

Figure 7.36 RGB intrinsic images for a color Mondrian. The input image is shown in (a). The image in (b) was created by applying the extra light shift in the positive direction whereas the image in (c) was created by applying the extra light shift in the negative direction.

Fig. 10. Extrapolation of the half maximum center (o) and of the line position corrected for the light-shift, second order Doppler effect and 8D hyperfine structure ( ) versus the light power P in the case of the 2 >i/2 (F = 1) — 8D5/0 transition of deuterium...

The frequencies of the three LD/Rb lasers stabilized on the 5Si/2(F = 3) — 5D /2(F = 5) two-photon transition of 85Rb were measured in 1996. The LPTF frequency chain connects the LD/Rb laser at 385 THz to a standard at 29 THz, namely a CO2 laser stabilized to an osmium tetraoxyde line (CO2/OSO4) [48]. This standard had been previously measured in 1985 with respect to the Cs clock with an uncertainty of 70 Hz. In 1998, the measurement of the CO2/OSO4 standard was remade with an uncertainty of 20 Hz (i.e. a relative uncertainty of 7xl0-13) [55]. Taking into account this last measurement, the frequency of the LD/Rb standard of LKB is, after correction of the light shift vKb = 385 285 142 376.7(1.0) kHz. 

The line broadening due to light-shift and saturation is shown in Fig.4 where the experimental linewidth of the 2Si/z - 10Bo/z transition in deuterium is reported versus the light intensity transmitted through the excitation cavity. 

A numerical calculation of the line profiles due to the combined effect of the natural lifetime, the light-shift and the saturation has been performed taking into account all possible trajectories of atoms inside the metastable beam. Actually, the study of experimental linewidths shows there are some other stray effects responsible for the broadening of the lines. He have considered their contribution by making a convolution of the line profile with a gaussian curve. 

The line position (relative to the frequency determined by the reference Fabry-Perot cavity) obtained from the fit is then investigated as a function of the light power (see Fig.6) extrapolation to zero light power gives the value corrected for light shifts. 

Fig. 1. On the left is a simplified energy-level diagram for l Hg+. The 281.5 nm quadrupole "clock" transition can be observed by monitoring the 194 nm fluorescence. If the ion has made a transition from the Si to the 5/2 level the 194 nm flourescence disappears. For the figure on the right, on the horizontal axis is plotted the relative detuning from line center in frequency units at 281.5 nm. On the vertical axis is plotted the probability that the fluorescence from the 6s Si - 6p pi first resonance transition, excited by laser radiation at 194 nm, is on immediately after the 281.5 nm pulse. The electric-quadrupole-allowed S-D transition and the first-resonance S-P transition are probed sequentially in order to avoid light shifts and broadening of the narrow S-D transition. The recoilless absorption resonance or carrier (central feature) can provide a reference for an optical frequency standard. (From ref. 11)...

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