Light hydrocarbons density

For high pressure distillation of light hydrocarbons, industrial performance indicates that the pressure drop actually obtained is about two times that predicted by the use of the GPDC charts. Figure 9-21F and 9-21G (for Norton s IMTP packing only). When the vapor density is at least 6% of the liquid density, the actual pressure drop is expressed [82] ... 

Cannot economically remove low-density (e.g., light hydrocarbon) droplets smaller than about 150 pm. 

Formula A mixture of light hydrocarbons from petroleum Density 0.83-0.90 gml 1 Volatility Very low... 

Light hydrocarbon is a field term referring to color and estimated density, and is used where no NAPL samples have been analyzed. b LNAPL pool borders site boundary or lacks sufficient wells for good control, resulting in minimum area estimates. c Only one LNAPL sample was analyzed. 

Changes in the chemical composition of the kerosene during volatilization also affect the physical properties of this petroleum product. Table 16.8 summarizes the effect of volatilization on kerosene viscosity, surface tension, and density when 20%, 40%, and 60% of the initial amount has been removed by the partial transfer of light hydrocarbon fractions to the atmosphere. Only the liquid viscosity is affected, with volatilization having a negligible effect on the density and surface tension of the kerosene. 

Near the industrial high-pressure distillation of the light hydrocarbons, Cj to C4, another family that includes some low-molecular-weight compounds is the halogenated hydrocarbons, especially the fluorinated ones. These, however, have an exceptionally high liquid density. It is questionable whether they will show the same performance characteristics as the low hydrocarbons. In the absence of evidence, it would be wise to be cautious. 

The situation is different in the liquid phase. All of the light hydrocarbons methane through pentane reduce the density of the acid gas mixture in the liquid phase. 

Because the solubility of acrylamide (JEL), water ( ), and the surfactants in ethane or propane is low, the viscosity of the continuous phase was taken to be that of the pure fluid. The viscosity of the various ethane/propane mixtures was calculated using a reduced-density correlation developed by Dean and Stiel (IQ.), which is reported to be accurate to within 2 to 4% for light hydrocarbon mixtures. The density of the ethane/propane mixtures was either calculated via a modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state (11.) or, in some cases, measured using a Mettler-Paar DMA-512 vibrating tube densimeter. The densimeter was thermostated via a circulating water bath to within 0.01 C, and calibrated using water and propane at the ten ratures of interest. 

One approach is to use a mixture equation of state (EOS). This could be one of the cubic EOS mentioned in Section 1.2.5, but their poor performance for pure-fluid densities also carries over to mixtures. More sophisticated mixture EOS are available that make use of the reference-quality equations of state described in Section 1.2.4. If such an EOS exists for each component in a mixture, such an approach can produce good densities. A computer database is available [9] that implements this approach for common refrigerants and light hydrocarbons. 

To demonstrate the linear response of the High Speed Sulfur Analyzer, a 750.1 mg/kg reference diesel sample was diluted eight times sequentially on a 1 1 basis with a near-zero sulfur light hydrocarbon of similar density. Each of the nine samples was injected multiple times in a HSS series analyzer that was set for a 1000 ppmw full scale range and calibrated with the neat reference material. The data are summarized in Table 4, and the correlation is plotted in Fig. 10. The r2 correlation coefficient was 0.999. The data in Table 4 indicate a % RSD of better than 10.1 % in the 4-28 mg/kg sulfur range. At the higher sulfur levels, between 50-750 mg/kg, the %RSD is between 4-0.6%. Figure 10 illustrates the correlated linearity data. 

The extraheavy crude oil production is now carried out by down-hole injection of a light hydrocarbon solvent. Therefore, the blended oil exhibits a lower density and a greatly curtailed viscosity, which makes any further downstream treatment easier. 

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