Ligands conjugation

Add ligand conjugated to the colloidal gold, i.e., colloidal gold conjugated with antibody to a specific receptor. 

The linking of a metal to an antibody could, in principle, be accomplished by forming the metal chelate either prior to or after attachment to protein. Success to date has been achieved only by formation of the protein-ligand conjugate before metal chelation. The complexation reaction has several general features. First, reactions between the metallic radionuclides and antibodies are almost always performed with sub-stoichiometric quantities of chelate and metal ion. It is therefore of the utmost importance that no carrier added metals obtained from commercial sources be exceedingly pure or else be purified prior to use. Reactions of "carrier added" metal solutions are not likely to be of use because of the ease with which available chelate sites become saturated. Because the formation of chelate complexes is usually a bimolecular reaction, the complexation will proceed optimally when more chelation sites are available. Similarly, the more isotope in solution, the faster the reaction. Employment of a carrier chelate to insure solubilization of the radiometal is of value to maximize available isotope and the acetate ion has proven useful. 

Herschman HR, Simpson DL, Cawley DB. Toxic ligand conjugates as tools in the study of receptor-ligand interactions. J Cell Biochem 1982 20 163-76. 

Type I Xenobiotic + reactive conjugating ligand = conjugated product... 

Another possible way for ligand conjugation on liposomes is the formation of a disulfide bridge, which is quite unstable in serum and thus it is not used as much [171]. 

Inhibitory Effect of Ligand-Conjugated Polyrotaxanes on Intestinal Transports. 65... 

Presumably, the polyrotaxane can bind the intestinal membranes via multivalent interaction with hPEPTl and effectively contribute to decreasing the local pH on the membrane, resulting in a significant inhibition of the uptake in mice. These results clearly indicate the efficacy of the ligand-conjugated polyrotaxanes as an inhibitor in intestinal uptake in vivo. 

Fig. 18 Modulation of cellular metabolism and tissues via a multivalent binding of plasma membrane proteins with ligand conjugated polyrotaxanes immobilized on solid substrates at the terminal groups...

Homogeneous enzyme immunoassays using avidin-ligand conjugates Interaction of avidin (or haptenated avidin) with... 

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