Cross-section variation

A generalized analysis such as this produces only approximate life cycle energy and GHG emissions estimates because of cross-sectional variation in product and material production processes and local energy sources. Sensitivity analysis is an analytical tool to evaluate the effect of variances in life cycle estimation parameters on results. The sensitivity analysis performed in this study applies a 25% variance to each of the life cycle estimation parameters. 

All the cross section variations discussed above are the result of direct ionization. If autoionization (Section 1.2) occurs, it can have a substantial effect on PE band intensities at photon energies close to an autoionizing resonance frequency. 

Evidence for Covalency from Cross Section Variation... 

Though cross section variation can be studied to a very limited extent using line sources, synchrotron radiation is far superior for investigations of this type. Synchrotron studies are used extensively on transition metal solids for deconvoluting valence bands into partial densities of states from the contributing AO. Studies on transition metal molecules have demonstrated the power of the technique for band assignment and the investigation of covalency. 

The relative intensities for CH2CI2 vary slightly between these two wavelengths due to cross-section variation, but this factor is quite small, less than 10 per cent. 

Wang, K., Zhou A.T, Wei G.J., 2012. Influences of roadway cross-section variation on outburst shock wave propagation [J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 37(6) 983-987. (In Chinese)... 

Thus, in order to evaluate the photon energy dependence of molecular cross sections, we need to have a good appreciation of the range of atomic cross-section variations. These latter are well understood and a useful compilation of calculated atomic cross sections for direct photoionization exists. " ... 

The nature and the origin of the defects which control failure in carbon fibers are discussed in detail in reference [1]. They include diameter and cross section variations, both along the length of the fiber and from fiber to fiber in a yarn bundle, internal flaws and surface flaws. 

Resonance photoemission (RESPES) is a powerful tool for extracting species specific spectral information in materials with localized orbitals. In the resonance process, two distinct quantum pathways exist for creation of a photoelection (i) the direct photoemission process in which a valence electron is directly emitted, and (ii) the Auger channel in which a photoemitted core electron occupies the partially filled valence orbital, followed by a Koster-JCronig Auger decay in which the core hole is occupied and the valence electron photoemitted. Quantum interference between these two channels near the resonance threshold leads to strong cross-section variations for the localized states, allowing their signal to be differentiated from the contributions of other atomic species. For the case of copper, the two processes are ... 

Three-phase slurry bubble columns, in which the fine catalyst particles are suspended in the liquid and a gas is sparged into the vessel. The gas rises due to the buoyancy difference between the gas and the liquid-solid slurry, driving a circulation. These reactors usually exhibit vigorous mixing pattern driven by cross-sectional variation in the gas volume fraction. Typical schematic of a three-phase slurry bubble column is shown in Figure 6.1a. Particle sizes are typically less than 500 pm. 

Recent advances in 3D braiding have focused on the development of processes to produce tubular, bifurcated structures. Because this structure combines complex cross shapes and cross-sectional variations, it is highly interesting for pushing the limits of 3D braiding. 

In order to show the efficiency of the response surface method the reliability of a frame structure as already analyzed in [21] is investigated with respect to its serviceability limit state. This structure as sketched in Fig, A1 (Appendix) Is characterized by 21 basic variables with statistical properties as listed in Tab. A1 (Appendix). Additionally, the random variables are assumed to be correlated, i.e. all loadings with a correlation coefficient of p = 0.5 the cross sectional area and the moment of inertia of each element type are, of course, highly correlated, i.e. by p=0.95. Moreover, all other correlation properties between the cross-section variates are assumed to be paiaj Plilj PliAJ ° 0 3. The two types of modulus of elasticity are correlated by p. = 0.9. All other correlation properties are equal to p = 0. Structural failure with respect to serviceability is assumed when the horizontal top floor displacement exceeds 0.2 ft. Thus the limit state function can be formulated as ... 

Collectively, IM-MS clearly provides separation of lipid classes according to their charge properties, individual molecular species of a lipid class based on their molecular size (including chain length and unsaturation), and isobaric/isomeric species possessing different conformational structures [83]. This in situ drift time/collision cross section variation could be used as an additional variable to the other separation variables (e.g., intrasource separation, LC-MS elution, and optimal selection of MALDI matrix for ionization) described earlier as an aid to providing 3D analysis of complex lipid mixtures. 

Neutron-induced transmutations occur in certain stable elements when they are placed in a reactor, and the activity of the radioactive products can be measured with an appropriate counting system. If the response (cross-section variation with energy) of the detector is known, the neutron flux can be determined. 

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