Levinthal

Dill K A and Chan H S 1997 From Levinthal to pathways to funnels Natur. Struct. Biot. 4 10-19... 

Figure 2-122, The first dynamic molecular display of small molecules by Levinthal was driven by the Crystal Ball" [193, ...

C. Levinthal, CD. Barrv et al.. Computer Graphics in Macromolecular Chemistry. Emerging Concepts in Computer Graphics, D. Secrest, J. Kievergelt (Eds.). W.A. Benjamin, Kew York, pp. 213-253. 

Levinthal C 1969. In Debruimer P, J C M Tsibris and E Munck (Editors) Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Biological Systems, Proceedings of a Meeting held at Allerton House, Monticello, Illinois, University of Illinois Press, Urbarra, p. 22. 

Christian Anfmsen s experiments demonstrated that proteins can fold reversibly. A corollary result of Anfmsen s work is that the native structures of at least some globular proteins are thermodynamically stable states. But the matter of how a given protein achieves such a stable state is a complex one. Cyrus Levinthal pointed out in 1968 that so many conformations are possible for a typical protein that the protein does not have sufficient time to reach its most stable conformational state by sampling all the possible conformations. This argument, termed Levinthal s paradox, goes as follows consider a protein of 100 amino acids. Assume that there are only two conformational possibilities per amino acid, or = 1.27 X 10 ° possibilities. Allow 10 sec for... 

Levinthal s paradox led protein chemists to hypothesize that proteins must fold by specific folding pathways, and many research efforts have been devoted to the search for these pathways. 

Dill, K. A., and Chan, H. S., 1997. From Levinthal to pathways to funnels. Nature Structural Biology 4 10—19. 

Levinthal, C. Fine, R. Dimmler, G. In Molecular Dynamics and Protein Structure Hermans, J., Ed. Polycrystal Book Service Western Springs, IL, 1984 p 126. 

This decade also saw the first major developments in molecular graphics. The first multiple-access computer was built at MIT (the so-called project MAC), which was a prototype for the development of modern computing. This device included a high-performance oscilloscope on which programs could draw vectors very rapidly and a closely coupled trackball with which the user could interact with the representation on the screen. Using this equipment, Levinthal and his team developed the first molecular graphics system, and his article in Scientific American [25] remains a classic in the field and laid the foundations for many of the features that characterize modern day molecular graphics systems. 

Levinthal, C. (1969). Mossbauer Spectroscopy in Biological Systems, Proceedings. University of Illinois Bulletin 41, 22—24. 

Gohen, W. Levinthal, D. A. 1990. Absorptive capacity a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 128-152. 

Gavetti, G. Levinthal, D. 2000. Looking forward and looking backward cognitive and experiential search. Administrative Science Quarterly, 45 113-137. 

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