Lethal dose for

The lethal dose for 50% of the test animals, expressed ia terms of g of material per kg of body weight. 

Tb allium, which does not occur naturaHy in normal tissue, is not essential to mammals but does accumulate in the human body. Levels as low as 0.5 mg/100 g of tissue suggest thallium intoxication. Based on industrial experience, 0.10 mg /m of thallium in air is considered safe for a 40-h work week (37). The lethal dose for humans is not definitely known, but 1 g of absorbed thallium is considered sufficient to kHl an adult and 10 mg/kg body weight has been fatal to children. In severe cases of poisoning, death does not occur earlier than 8—10 d but most frequently in 10—12 d. Tb allium excretion is slow and prolonged. For example, tb allium is present in the feces 35 d after exposure and persists in the urine for up to three months. 

The more soluble forms of barium such as the carbonate, chloride, acetate, sulfide, oxide, and nitrate, tend to be more acutely toxic (50). Mean lethal doses for ingested barium chloride were 300—500 mg/kg in rats and 7—29 mg/kg in mice (47). 

Table 3. Detergent Animal Acute Oral Versus Probable Lethal Dose for a Human Adult ...

Toxicity rating Commonly used term LDso Single oral dose for rats (g/kg) 4hr Vapour exposure causing 2 to 4 deaths in 6-rat group (ppm) LDso Skin for rabbits (g/kg) Probable lethal dose for humans... 

Strychnine A-oxide, 10 isostrychnine, 20 to 30 methylstrychnine, 100 strychnine methosulphate, 30 strychninic acid, 25 to 30 iso-strychninic acid, 30 to 35. Rats, mice, rabbits, cats, dogs and frogs were used, and the figures are comparative lethal doses for mammals. 

According to Lazarev (Ref 27) a single lethal dose for a cat is 0.5g/kg of its weight. A daily dose of 0.05—0.2g/kg causes death after 9 days Saladini (Ref 15a) pointed out that small doses of PA cause no ill-effects in man... 

The acceptable limits for toxic exposure depend on whether the exposure is brief or prolonged. Lethal concentration for airborne materials and lethal dose for non-airbome materials are measured by tests on animals. The limits for brief exposure to toxic materials that are airborne are usually measured by the concentration of toxicant that is lethal to 50% of the test group over a given... 

Table II. Summation of Fractional Effective (Lethal) Doses for 30-Minute Exposure of Rats to Mixtures of CO and HQ...

Witkin (1956) reported intravenous (iv), intraperitoneal (i.p.), and oral LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of the animals) values for mice and rats, and i.v. LD50 values for dogs. Similar to hydrazine, the route of administration had minimal... 

Figure 2-8 The various types of response vs. log dose curves. ED, effective dose TD, toxic dose LD, lethal dose. For gases, LC (lethal concentration) is used.

Experimental LDso per kilogram of body weight Degree of toxicity Probable lethal dose for a 70-kg person... 

LD50 values and the lowest lethal doses for acute- and intermediate-duration exposures classify hexachloroethane as slightly toxic (Hodge and Sterner 1949). It is unlikely that exposures to hexachloroethane at levels found at hazardous waste sites would cause death in humans. 

C. botulinum toxins cause botulism. They are among the most toxic substances known. A lethal dose for humans is 1 microgram (a millionth of a gram). In a... 

Based on all the above observations, we concluded that peripheral effects on the heart predict the lethal dose for belladonnoids better than do their central effects. This was apparently the case in animals such as the mouse, for which the LD50 had been previously established by direct measurement. EA 3443 and EA 3580, both of which have greater relative central potency in man than BZ, also were found to have higher safety margins in the mouse (and other species). 

Schafer and Bowles 1985), lethal doses for intermediate duration exposure (4 weeks) of 54 mg/kg/day in rats and 390 mg/kg/day in mice (NTP 1983), and nonlethal and lethal doses for chronic exposure in rats (2 and 5 mg/kg/day, respectively) and mice (10 and 52 mg/kg/day, respectively) (NTP 1983). The animal lethality data are discussed below and summarized in Table 2-1. 

No studies were located regarding lethal effects in humans after dermal exposure to 3,3 -dichloro-benzidine. The minimum dermal lethal dose for 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (free base) for male and female New Zealand albino rabbits with skin intact was reported to be greater than 8,000 mg/kg (Gerarde and Gerarde 1974). The cause of death was not discussed. No discernible skin irritation was observed when 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine dihydrochloride was applied to the intact or abraded skin of rabbits the dose was not provided (Gerarde and Gerarde 1974). This minimum dermal lethal dose in female New Zealand albino rabbits is shown in Table 2-2. Dermal exposure is not likely to cause death in humans. 

Death. No deaths were reported in humans from inhalation, oral, or dermal exposure to 3,3 -diehloro-benzidine. In animals, 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine eaused no deaths in rats exposed by the inhalation route in eoneentrations as high as 23,700 mg/m for 2 hours per day for 7 days (Gerarde and Gerarde 1974). In addition, the estimated aeute oral LDjg for rats (7,070 mg/kg for the free base and 3,820 mg/kg for the dihydroehloride salt) and the minimum dermal lethal dose for male and female New Zealand albino rabbits (>8,000 mg/kg) for 3,3 -diehlorobenzidine suggested that the lethal toxieity of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine is minimal (Gerarde and Gerarde 1974). Consequently, it is unlikely that death will oeeur in humans exposed to 3,3 -diehlorobenzidine at the levels at whieh it oeeurs at hazardous waste sites. 

The acute oral LDjo in guinea pigs and rabbits for kerosene has been reported to be 16,320 mg/kg and 22,720 mg/kg, respectively (Deichmann et al. 1944). These data suggest that guinea pigs may be more sensitive to kerosene than rabbits. Similarly, a lethal dose of kerosene of 6,400 mg/kg has been reported in calves (Rowe et al. 1973), but the lethal dose for rats is 12,000 mg/kg (Muralidhara et al. 1982). Comparison of these data is problematic however, they do suggest that species differences and age sensitivity may exist for oral kerosene toxicity, although such differences have not been established. 

LDoQ-value, the lethal dose for 90 death, for pellitorine against P. gossypiella is 25 ppm. 

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