Lesion diameters

Scientists from the Unilever Research Laboratories used an experimental protocol in which 20-28 sections per heart were examined except in their first two studies (Abdellatif and Vies, 1970, 1973). Their results (Table X) with both Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats showed no significant difference in lesion incidence with rats fed sunflower, olive, peanut, linseed or LEAR (cv. Tower, cv. Primor) oils. There was, however, a significant difference in severity rating (number of lesions per heart and lesion diameter) in Sprague-Dawley but not Wistar rats fed LEAR and other oils more severe lesions were found in the former strain (Fig. 1). 

Table 14.2 Effect of L. platitarum treatment on lesion diameters (mm) produced by spoilage fungi on wounded cucumber after 9 days of incubation at 20 °C...

Spoilage fungi Spoilage fungus only lesion diameter (mm) Spoilage fungus+L. plantarum. lesion diameter (mm)... 

Flat lesions are defined as lesions with a height less than half the lesion diameter (Dachman and Zalis 2004). This definition includes a wide range of flat lesions, including small as well as large lesions. 

Venule leakage in guinea pig skin as measured with Evans blue. Percent inhibition is average lesion diameter as compared to the average diameter of a positive control. 

Lubienski A, Dux M, Lubienski K et al (2005) Radiofrequency thermal ablation increase in lesion diameter with continuous acetic acid infusion. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 28(6) 789-794... 

This prospective phase I trial included 15 patients with 30 lung malignancies (28 metastases and 2 NSCLC), with a median follow-up of 5-F months and a local tumor control rate of 97% (Ricke et al. 2005b). Median lesion diameter was 2 cm (0.6-11 cm), and the reference dose 20 Gy for all lesions (Ricke 2005). 

The indications for local destruction of lung tumor are similar to those established for resection, although with some modifications. It is usually felt that the number of lesions per hemithorax should not be more than five and that the largest lesion diameter should be less than 5 cm. Most authors think that the treatment should be offered only to patients with no evident extrapulmonary disease, however there is a role for RFA in pain palliation. 

Our ongoing protocol considers candidates with no more than five lesions per hemithorax suitable for RF, and maximum lesion diameter should not exceed 4 cm. Individual exceptions are being made. 

Muscle biopsy is usually undertaken to confirm the provisional clinical diagnosis. Because the skin lesions normally precede those in muscle, biopsies of muscle taken early may show little abnormality. Inflammatory foci may be scanty or absent and muscle fiber diameters may be normal. However typical biopsies show discrete foci of inflammatory cells, with a predominance of B-lymphocytes (see Figure 18). These cells are situated in perimysial connective tissue rather than in the en-domysium and are often also perivascular in location. Muscle fiber necrosis occurs in JDM but muscle fibers do not appear to be the primary target of the disordered immune process. Rather, it is the micro vasculature of the muscle which appears to degenerate first and muscle necrosis is preceded by capillary necrosis, detectable at the ultrastructural level. 

Most patients have a mixture of non-in-flamed and inflamed lesions. Inflamed lesions can be superficial or deep, and arise from non-inflamed lesions. The superficial lesions are usually papules and pustules (5 mm or less in diameter), and the deep lesions are large pustules and nodules. Papules are small, raised, red spots, while pustules are predominantly yellow (Figs. 11.3,11.4). Pustules frequently start as solid lesions, like papules, which soon liquefy. Usually, the roof of the pustule bursts, allowing the pus to escape. The pustule represents a par-... 

Mastocytomas and diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis are further manifestations of cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) [9]. Solitary mastocytomas are common in children. Most are present at birth or develop in infancy. These lesions are flat or mildly elevated, well demarcated, solitary yellowish red-brown plaques or nodules, typically 2-5 cm in diameter. Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis is a rare disorder characterized by diffuse mast cell infiltration of large areas of the skin that presents in infants in the first year of life. Severe edema and leathery indurations of the skin leads to accentuation of skin folds (pseudo-lichenified skin) and a peau-dbrange-like appearance. Systemic complications include hypotension and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Infants and young children with considerable mast cell infiltration of the skin sometimes exhibit blister formation in the first 3 years of life. MPCM and other forms of CM have been classified in a consensus nomenclature (table 1) [10]. 

CTA and MRA are described in more detail in Chapter 2 therefore, this section will focus on CDUS. CDUS is widely available, well-validated, and is free of the risks and complications of radiographic contrast administration. Using ROC analysis, velocity criteria for detecting a residual lumen diameter of <1.5 mm have been developed based on pathological correlation with CEA plaques.In addition, transcranial Doppler can play an adjunctive role in dehning the hemodynamic signihcance of a lesion. ... 

Lipid-laden macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and necrotic debris from the death of foam cells accumulate in the subendothelial space, leading to enlargement of the fatty streak. A collagen matrix forms a fibrous cap that covers the lipid core of the lesion to establish a fibrous plaque called an atherosclerotic plaque. Initially, the diameter of the coronary artery lumen is... 

Papules solid, elevated lesions less than 0.5 cm in diameter Pustules vesicles filled with purulent fluid less than 0.5 cm in diameter... 

Partial response (PR) At least a 30% decrease in the sum of the longest diameter of target lesions from baseline... 

The diameter and length of obstructing lesions and the influence of pressure drop across an area of stenosis also affect coronary blood flow and function of the collateral circulation. Dynamic coronary obstruction can occur in normal vessels and vessels with stenosis in which vasomotion or... 

Critical stenosis occurs when the obstructing lesion encroaches on the luminal diameter and exceeds 70%. Lesions creating obstruction of 50% to 70% may reduce blood flow, but these obstructions are not consistent, and vasospasm and thrombosis superimposed on a noncritical lesion may lead to clinical events such as MI. If the lesion enlarges from 80% to 90%, resistance in that vessel is tripled. Coronary reserve is diminished at about 85% obstruction due to vasoconstriction. 

The skin lesions of dermatitis may or may not be painful or pruritic. Typically, lesions are described as being less than or greater than 0.5 cm in diameter. 

Papules are small, solid, elevated lesions that are usually less than 1 cm in diameter. They may result from metabolic deposits in the dermis, from localized dermal cellular infiltrates, or from localized hyperplasia of cellular elements in the dermis and epidermis. 

Severe recalcitrant nodular acne Nodules are inflammatory lesions with a diameter of 5 mm or greater. The nodules may become suppurative or hemorrhagic. Severe, ... 

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