Lehman studies

A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies by Levin and Lehman (1991) showed that desipramine produced greater cocaine abstinence than placebo. Although a more recent review did not concur (Lima et al. 2001), secondary analyses of studies with imipramine, desipramine, and bupropion suggested that depressed cocaine abusers are more likely to show significant reductions in cocaine abuse than nondepressed cocaine abusers (Margolin et al. 1995 Nunes et al. 1991 Ziedonis and Kosten 1991). Furthermore, recent work with desipramine supported its efficacy in opioid-dependent patients, particularly in combination with contingency management therapies (Kosten et al. 2004 Oliveto et al. 1999). 

Kranzler HR, Bauer LO, Hersh D, et al Carbamazepine treatment of cocaine dependence a placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 38 203-211, 1995 Levin FR, Lehman AF Meta-analysis of desipramine an adjunct in the treatment of cocaine addiction. J Clin Pharmacol 11 374-378, 1991 Lima MS, Reisser AA, Soares BG, et al Antidepressants for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 CD002950, 2001 Ling W, Shoptaw S, Majewska D Baclofen as a cocaine anti-craving medication a preliminary clinical study 0etter). Neuropsychopharmacology 18 403 04, 1998... 

Danner SA, Carr A, Leonard JM, Lehman LM, Gudiol F, Gonzales J, Raventos A, Rubio R, Bouza E, Pintado V et al (1995) A short-term study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of ritonavir, an inhibitor of HIV-1 protease, European-Australian Collaborative Ritonavir Study Group, N Engl J Med 333 1528-1533... 

McDermott DH, Zimmerman PA, Guignard F, Kleeberger CA, Lehman SF, Murphy PM (1998) CCR5 promoter polymorphism and HIV-1 disease progression. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 352 866-870... 

Lehman, E. C., Jr. (1974). Academic discipline and faculty religiosity in secular and church-related colleges. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 13, 205-220. 

Historically, the so-called safety factor approach was introduced in the United States in the mid-1950s in response to the legislative needs in the area of the safety of chemical food additives (Lehman and Fitzhugh 1954). This approach proposed that a safe level of chemical food additives could be derived from a chronic NOAEL from animal studies divided by a 100-fold safety factor. The 100-fold safety factor as proposed by Lehman and Fitzhugh was based on a limited analysis of subchronic/chronic data on fluorine and arsenic in rats, dogs, and humans, and also on the assumption that the human population as a whole is heterogeneous. Initially, Lehman and Fitzhugh reasoned that the safety factor of 100 accounted for several areas of uncertainty ... 

Patierno, S.R., Lehman, N.L., Henderson. B.E. Landolph, J.R. (1989) Study of the ability of phenacetin, acetaminophen, and aspirin to induce cytotoxicity, mutation and morphological transformation in CJH/IOT A clone 8 mouse embryo cells. Cancer Res., 49, 1038-1044... 

In the alkaline-catalyzed method, however, the reaction condition should be adjusted as various alcohols are used, and sometimes, a complete conversion is difficult to achieve. Gauglitz and Lehman (8) studied the rate of transesterification using alkaline catalyst at 60°C, and found that an addition of one alkyl carbon to the alcohol doubled the reaction time. Additionally, Nimcevic et al. (9) found that transesterification of rapeseed oil by n-propanol or alcohol with longer alkyl chain always failed even after several hours of treatment at the boiling point of alcohol. 

Other studies evaluated for interspecies dose-response relationships by these workers, primarily between rats and humans, included metals (Evans et al. 1944, as cited in Dourson and Stara 1983), pesticides (Hayes 1967, as cited in Dourson and Stara 1983), arsenic and fluorine (Lehman and Fitzhugh 1954). Dourson and Stara (1983) concluded that although separate factors of 10-fold for interspecies and intraspecies response adjustments for chronic data appeared reasonable, more experimental data were needed. They believed that intermediate UFs of less than 10-fold for individual factors or less than 100-fold for combined factors could be used to estimate the ADI and may be developed on a logarithmic scale (e.g., 31.6 being halfway between 10 and 100 on a logarithmic scale). 

Franz, T. J. and Lehman, P. A. (1990). The use of water permeability as a means of validation for skin integrity in in vitro percutaneous absorption studies. J. Invest. Dermatol. 94 525. 

Singh JP, Evans JC, Levy D, Larson MG, Freed LA, Fuller DL, Lehman B, Benjamin EJ. Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol 1999 83(6) 897-902. 

The final pair of papers, by Ursula Klein and by Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent and Christine Lehman, are oriented around another area of application pharmacy. But, unlike Eddy and Levere, who study the process of transference (and transformation) of chemical knowledge to application, Klein and Bensaude-Vincent and Lehman focus on social and cultural features of the craft itself Klein on the tradition of apothecary-chemists in Germany, and Bensaude-Vincent and Lehman on the function of eighteenth-century French public lectures on chemistry in training apothecaries and physicians. 

The presence of easily detected and intense fragmentations also led to the possibility of studying complex mixtures quantitatively with techniques such as selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple ion detection (MID), which are used extensively especially when the mass spectrometer is coupled to a gas chromatograph. In their review, Lehman and Schulten [13] showed the various possibilities of these methods when mass spectrometry is applied quantitatively to biochemistry or medicine. It should be noted that these detection modes are valid even at high resolution (>10,000) [14,15]. 

Hein, M. J., Stayner, L. T., Lehman, E., and Dement, J. M. (2007). Follow-up study of chrysotile textile workers Cohort mortality and exposure-response. Occup Environ Med 64, 616-625. 

In principle, the application of time-resolved techniques permits identification of intermediates by monitoring their progress to the stable products of reaction. In 1973, Lehman and Berry [25] reported the first application of time-resolved photochemical methods to the study of aryl azides. Using conventional flash photolysis, they irradiated 2-azidobiphenyl in cyclohexane solution. Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy revealed an intermediate assigned as the triplet nitrene primarily on the basis of the similarity of its spectrum to that measured by Reiser [18] in low-temperature experiments. Lehman [25] monitored the rate of carbazole formation and found it to occur by a kinetically first-order process with a lifetime of 460 /is at room temperature. These findings led them to conclude that photolysis of 2-azidobiphenyl at room temperature leads rapidly to the triplet nitrene, and that this species is the precursor to carbazole [25], However, this point of view clearly is at odds with Swenton s triplet sensitization experiments [23],... 

In 1973, Lehman and Berry [25] studied the kinetics of this reaction by flash photolysis of the azide in cyclohexane. They were able to monitor the rate of formation of carbazole at 289.4 nm. They obtained the first-order rate constant to carbazole formation as a function of temperature (k bs(300K) = 2.18 x 103s Ea = 11.5kcal/mol). These workers were also able to observe the spectrum of a transient species produced by the flash. The rate of disappearance of the transient was comparable to the rate of formation of carbazole. Lehman and Berry [25] attributed the transient spectrum to triplet 2-biphenylnitrene and presented a mechanistic analysis consistent with this assignment. 

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