Leeuwenhoek

Rittenberg SC (1972) The obligate autotroph—the demise of a concept. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 38 457-478. 

Gerson DF, JE Zajic (1979) Comparison of surfactant production from kerosene by four species of Coryne-bacterium. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 45 81-94. 

Cain RB (1968) Anthranilic acid metabolism by microorganisms. Formation of 5-hydroxyanthranilate as an intermediate in anthranilate metabolism by Nocardia opaca. Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek 34 417-432. 

G. Muyzer and K. Smalla, Application of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) in microbial ecology. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73 127 (1998). 

Cohen reviews a large number of attempts to estimate the world s ultimate carrying capacity, dating back to the Dutch naturalist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1679. As summarized by Cohen, Leeuwenhoek estimated the population density of Holland to be 120 per km2, assumed that land encompassed one-third of the Earth s total area, and extrapolated to a world population of about 13 billion. 12... 

Remarkably, more recent estimates of the Earths carrying capacity center around a value of about 10 billion, not meaningfully different from the three-century old estimate of Leeuwenhoek. However, the range of estimates is very great - from under 2 billion to well over 20 billion If one performed today a calculation analogous to that of Leeuwenhoek, based on present national population densities, the world population extrapolates to about 3.6 billion with the United States as the reference base and 31 billion with the United Kingdom as the reference.13... 

Figure 2.3 Antonj van Leeuwenhoek. A fanciful delineation based on a famous portrait. The picture shows accurately the size and shape of the first microscopes, the manner in which they were used, and the simple laboratory apparatus of the Father of Bacteriology."...

To adjust the lens to the object was so long and tedious a task that it is not surprising that Leeuwenhoek used an individual lens for each object. The magnification varied and at best did not exceed... 

Leeuwenhoek was so interested in the things he observed that, like Hooke, he wrote minutely detailed reports about them to the Royal Society in London, beginning in 1674. He was later elected a fellow of the Royal Society. Some of his observations are at once quaint and epochmaking. For example, after examining material which he scraped from between his teeth, he said ... 

Figure 2.4 One of Leeuwenhoek s microscopes front, back and side views. The tiny spherical or hemispherical lens is held in the slightly raised structure in the upper part of the metal plate. The object to be examined was mounted at the tip of the sharp-pointed mounting pin. Focusing was accomplished by means of the three thumbscrews to which the mounting pin is attached. These are approximately actual size.

Figure 2.5 Leeuwenhoek s drawings of bacteria. Here may be seen cocci, bacilli and (probably) a spirochete. The motion of one of the bacali is clearly indicated. Today such observations are commonplace. But Leeuwenhoek w as seeing them for the first time in the history of the human race it was as momentous a discovery as that of Columbus -a new world ...

Note that, unlike Hooke, Leeuwenhoek made many of his observations by light transmitted through the object and that the microorganisms were suspended in various fluids, not immobilized or otherwise altered by drying. 

Hensing, M.C., Rouwenhorst, R.J., Heijnen, J.J. et al. (1995) Physiological and technological aspects of large-scale heterologous-protein production with yeasts. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 67 (3), 261—279. 

Related Taxa. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology, 1998. 74(1-3) pp. 119-132. 

Blum S., Alvarez S., Haller D., Perez P. and Schiffrin E.J. (1999). Intestinal micro-flora and the interaction with immunocompetent cells. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek, 76, 199-205. 

Dunne C., Murphy L., Flynn S., O Mahony L., O Halloran S., Feeney M., Morrissey D., Thornton G., Fitzgerald G., Daly C., Kiely B., Quigley E.M.M., O Sullivan G.C., Shanahan F. and Collins J.K. et al., (1999). Probiotics, from myth to reality. Demonstration of functionality in animal models of disease and in human clinical trials . Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek, 76, 279-92. 

Nisbet D. (2002). Defined competitive exclusion cultures in the prevention of enteropathogen colonisation in poultry and swine . Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 81, 481 186. 

Wagner M, Loy A, Nogueria R, Purkhold U et al (2002) Microbial community composition and function in wastewater treatment plants. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Int J Gen Mol Microbiol 81 665-680... 

J. A. M. De Bont (1976) Hydrogenase activity in nitrogen-fixing methane-oxidizing bacteria. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek., 42 255-259... 

According to the passage, Leeuwenhoek would be best described... 

The quotation from Leeuwenhoek (lines 23-28) is used to illustrate... 

The author s attitude toward Leeuwenhoek s contribution to medicine is one of... 

Leeuwenhoek demonstrated, in his own words, a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men (lines 24—26), who was the first to describe microorganisms. The phrase stumbled upon in choice a is too accidental to describe Leeuwenhoek s perseverance. The words proficient and entertainment in choice c do not accurately describe Leeuwenhoek s skill... 

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