Leaf border

Neither Fleischer (1915-1922) nor Brotherus (1925) provided subdivisions of the Amblystegiaceae above the genus level. Their generic subdivisions were clearly based on a few, easily observable characters, such as leaf orientation and shape, development of the vegetative leaf costa and leaf border, leaf lamina cell shape, the presence or absence of paraphyllia, and the habitat of the species (cf., Brotherus, 1925). 

The general appearance, areolation, lack of leaf border, attachment of leaf not only by the costa, and rhizoids just below the leaf are the features similar to pleurocarps. However, the presence of leafless axes bearing rhizoids, the strange order of leaves on branches, where the lowest leaf is the largest, as well as a reticulate pattern in lower leaf (due to some cells fallen off) are not known in any other group of mosses. This makes further comparison unnecessary. 

Palaeodichelyma differs from Jurassic Muscites fontinaloides and Bryokhutuliinia jurassica by the presence of costa, and from Tricostium by the elongate laminal cells and single costa (in fact, differences are very numerous, but there is no reason to list them for such different plants). The Palaeozoic Bajdaievia is similar to Palaeodichelyma in many details (leaf size and shape, pattern of foliage), but lacks the loose areolation in the basal part of the leaf, where net venation (briefly explained in Section 16.2.2 Polyssaievia and Bajdaievia) is developed. Uskatia conferta is similar to Palaeodichelyma in general appearance and leaf dimensions, but differs in the presence of a distinct leaf border and at places the apparent oblique rows of laminal cells. We consider them also to be fundamentally different in their patterns of leaf attachments, although this character is not always observed in both species. 

Periportal inflammation Periportal hepatitis is characterized by penetration of the limiting plate. The border between the portal field and the lobule can appear irregular sometimes it assumes the shape of a maple leaf In this periportal zone (i.e. zone 1), piecemeal necroses may develop. They are, however, not true necroses , but apoptoses. Today, periportal inflammation with piecemeal necrosis is termed interface hepatitis. This condition is not always accompanied by piecemeal necrosis the inflammatory infiltrate can also enter the lobule without causing liver cell necroses. The composition of the inflammatory infiltrates is similar to that in the portal fields. Periportal infiammation contributes to the grading of chronic hepatitis, (l)... 

Leaves with dark, yellow-bordered spots. Cause Leaf blight. This disease is caused by various fungi. Leaves may turn yellow or drop off as the disease progresses. Spray foliage with fish emulsion or with sulfur to prevent the spread of mild infections. 

Parsley has few problems. Handpick leafeating caterpillars or spray plants with BTK. Dwarfed or abnormally crinkled leaves can be caused by viruses. Destroy infected plants, and control aphids and other sucking insects that spread viral diseases. Dark, yellow-bordered spots are leaf blight caused by fungi. Spray with fish emulsion or with sulfur ii disease is severe. Carrot weevils eat roots and make leaves yellow for controls, see Roots with dark tun--nels on page 61. See the Herbs entry beginning on page 116 for other possible problems. 

Leaves with spots. Causes Leaf spot leaf blight leaf scorch. Leaf spot causes small purple spots that develop tan centers on foliage. See page 218 for an illustration of leaf spot. Leaf blight is characterized by oval or V-shaped spots with purple centers and tan borders. Irregular, purplish blotches are the symptoms of leaf scorch. When severe, these diseases kill leaves, which weakens plants. Berries are... 

A cell xeMisa leaf iff R(x,M) contains only black cells. A rectangle in a mask M is prime iff it has a pair of co-horizontal and a pair of co-vertical border edges inM. 

Border of lateral leaves (above the leaf base) in the distal part of the frond absent or interrupted state 1 interrupted or continuous, but never absent and interrupted in a few leaves at least state 2 always continuous state 3. 

Small pale oval lesions with a dark brown border, scattered across the leaf. Black fruiting bodies (pycnidia) found in lesions. 

Figure 10.4 False-color r-XRF elemental maps recorded on a leaf containing tri-chomes (A, scale bar = 70 pm) and on a root (B, scale bar = 25 pm), and X-ray fluorescence spectra collected on the trichome strip (C, point 1 in Figure 4A), on the leaf tissue (D, point 2 in Figure 4A), on the central vascular bundle on the root (E, point 1 in Figure 4B), and on the border of the root (F, point 2 in Figure 4B). For the maps, step size= 1 pm,...

---