Leaf, costa

Neither Fleischer (1915-1922) nor Brotherus (1925) provided subdivisions of the Amblystegiaceae above the genus level. Their generic subdivisions were clearly based on a few, easily observable characters, such as leaf orientation and shape, development of the vegetative leaf costa and leaf border, leaf lamina cell shape, the presence or absence of paraphyllia, and the habitat of the species (cf., Brotherus, 1925). 

Leaf costa Single and long or Mostly double d Single and long or... 

Almeida IF, Fernandes E, Lima JLFC, Costa PC and Bahia, MF. 2008. Walnut (Juglans regia) leaf extracts are strong scavengers of pro-oxidant reactive species. Food Chem 106(3) 1014-1020. 

Alvim (1) in Costa Rica confirmed in part the studies of Pound (Al), Voelcker (50), and Humphries (22) and found that higher incidence of Cherelle wilt usually occurred after periods of intense growth of the leaf flushes and/or when the rate of growth in trunk diameter decreased or was checked. Spraying the fruits with p-chlorophenoxyacetic acid did not reduce the condition, as reported by Naundorf and Gardner (30). Alvim concluded that Cherelle wilt in Costa Rica is apparently caused by food strain (carbohydrates) or by depression in the mechanism of food translocation, and not by hormonal or mineral deficiencies. 

This fungicide, as well as certain other organics, does not cause the tacky condition of latex said to be induced by copper contaminations. In Brazil and Costa Rica, rubber planters use much Dithane for nursery spraying. There are still some who prefer a certain amount of copper spray, but in Costa Rica, at least, the organic material is much more acceptable. It is also used for leaf disease on old trees in tap, being held for some special reason. Probably 10 tons of Dithane are used in the Western Hemisphere annually for control of South American leaf disease, and somewhat less than half as much of so-called insoluble copper sprays are still being applied. 

Work is in progress on these problems. Copper sprays have been used to advantage in seedbeds and nurseries. Recent tests (2U-26) have shown that in the especially difficult lowland area of Turrialba in Costa Rica Colletotrichum leaf in-... 

Kalanchoe brasiliensis Cambess/ - folha-da-costa As a tranquilizer Leaf Afro-Brazilians [43] Flavonoids [120] Immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory effects [259,260]... 

Kampanols are a new class of tetra- and pentacyclic compounds represented by three examples, namely, kampanols A, B and C (Figure 30). These fungal metabolites were isolated from Stachybotrys kampalensis [128] that was isolated from leaf litter collected from Costa... 

Da Silva Morrone M, De Assis AM, Da Rocha RF, Gasparotto J, Gazola AC, Costa GM et al. Passiflora manicata (Juss.) aqueous leaf extract protects against reactive oxygen species and protein glycation in vitro and ex vivo models. Food Chem Toxicol. 2013 60 45-51. 

Scanning electron microscopy -- Leaf samples for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were fixed in acrolein and dehydrated in ethanol. Samples were critical-point dried (Evans, Gmur, and Da Costa, 1977) and a layer of carbon or silver was applied to each sample in a vacuum evaporator with a rotating and processing stage. The scanning electron microscope (Model 700, Materials Analysis Co., Palo Alto, CA 94303) was operated at 5 kV or 10 kV. 

Evans, L. S., Gmur, N. F. and Da Costa, F. (1977) Leaf surface and histological perturbations of leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris and Helianthus annuus after exposure to simulated acid rain. Amer. J. Bot. 64 903-913. 

B.M. Cherian, A.L. Leao, S.R Souza, L.M.M.C. Costa, G.M. Olyveira, M. Kottaisamy, E.R. Nagarajan and S. Thomas, Cellulose nanocomposites with nanofibres isolated from pineapple leaf fibers for medical applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 86,1790-1798 (2011). 

The degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in Costa Rica soil and in a leaf composting environment was investigated [22]. The average soil temperature and moisture content in Costa Rica were 27°C and 80%, respectively. The average degradation rate of PLA plastic films in the soil of the banana field was 7657 A/ /week. PLA films required two weeks to disintegrate physically in leaf compost rows. 

Costa of lateral leaves in the distal part of the frond reaching 4/5 of the length of the leaf at least state 1 reaching 1/2—4/5 of the length of the leaf state 2 reaching up to 1/2 of the length of the leaf at most state 3. 

Fabronia shares with Plagiothecium at least one rare morphological character in both genera rhizoids arise from the adaxial side of the costa (Budyakova et al., 2(X)3). This is also known in the StereophyUaceae, where rhizoids are formed below the leaf insertion (Ireland and Buck, 1994). 

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