Layer modulation

Hence, there are two options for molecules with unlike end-chains either the incompatible chains mix which retains the lamellar structure, or these chains segregate and layer modulation with formation of ribbon phases (columnar phases)... 

Fig. 2 Left. The basic 2D structure in the rod-like liquid crystals made by strongly polar molecules (the dipole moment directions are represented by arrows). The asymmetric rod-like molecules tend to form double layer structures in order to compensate dipole moments. Since the thickness of a double layer is smaller than twice the thickness of a single layer the resulting stress in the system is relieved by the in-layer modulation. Right. 2D structures in polycatenar rod-like liquid crystals. The ribbon like structure is formed by the asymmetric polycatenar molecules. To accommodate the additional alkyl chains layers become slightly bent. Both structures possess the body centered crystallographic unit cell...

One problem which arises when a detector array is attached to the face of a multi-layer module is the inability of the detector material to absorb forces generated by a mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion between the detector array material and the module. Furthermore, it is difficult to isolate a fault that may be attributable to either the detector elements, module wiring or processing elements. 

A multi-layer module 18 consisting of thin insulating wafers 20 formed from a ceramic material is prepared. The wafers have a large number of thin film electrically-conducting leads on their surfaces. The leads end at points 22 located on the focal plane surface 24 of the module. The lengths of the ceramic wafers are staggered to give access to lead pads 26 on the face of each wafer. 

The simplest U- or H-shaped layered BLM modules, without membrane walls, are used mainly in transport smdies [55,94]. Examples of BLM-layered module with mixing all three solutions are presented in Figure 13.7. 

Insulation layer Modulation heater Pt Substrate AlgOg... 

Insulation layerE Equipotential layer i Insulation layer Modulation heater Alumina substrate... 

As described above, the kink in the molecular shape and the requirement to fill the space as effectively as possible are not compatible with a three-dimensional fluid order. In other words, when translating a bent-core molecule in the melt of the neighbouring bent-core molecules, it experiences a periodic potential with its periodicity determined by the length I of the molecules. To allow for fluidity at the macroscopic level, one needs to frustrate the bent-core structure so that they do not lock into smectic layers easily. Such a frustration can be introduced by some steric or electrostatic disturbance of the bare bent-core (or peeled banana ) shape, which has been seen in some modulated smectic phases.As discussed by Bailey and Jdkli,a steric or electrostatic inclusion in the core of the molecules leads to layer modulation, an SmCc structure and broken smectic layers that effectively correspond to a columnar phase, as the inclusions increase. Following this picture, here we postulate that bent-core nematics are probably more frustrated than the electrically unswitchable B7 (columnar) phases, in which the broken smectic ribbons are separated by melted fluid nematic regions. Such over-frustrated B7 materials are characterized... 

Peters, W., et al. Nanomechanics and sodium permeability of endothelial surface layer modulated by hawthorn extract WS 1442. PLoS One 7(1), e29972 (2012)... 

Two main US FDA-approved DESs are classified as first generation. The first is the Cypher (Cordis Corp., Miami lakes, FL), which is a sirolimus releasing stent covered with a PEVA and PBMA polymer layer (5 micron thickness) coated on stainless steel struts 140 microns thick. The polymer layer modulates the release of the sirolimus to a release profile of 80% of total drug (140 microgram per square centimeter) within 30 days [31]. 

Polar Columnar (ColP) Phases In calamitic rod-shaped LCs, the frustration occurring in the layer organization of molecules due to steric and/or polar effects leads to form a variety of 2D density structures such as undulated layers, modulated layers (ribbons), and Cols. The situation for bent-core molecules with an ability to form macroscopic polar order is much more complex, and different types of modulated smectic and Col phases form. Since their 2D X-ray patterns, structural models, and nomenclature have been in great detail described in the two previous reviews [29, 32], in this section, the field-induced switching properties of polar columnar (ColP) phases are focused on. 

Stacked Modules Microfluidic systems composed of modules, where each module forms a layer that is stacked on previously layered modules, is a simple solution to... 

Based on the experimental results it was proposed [99] that the fibers have a jelly-roll type strueture, i.e. it consists of concentric smectic layers. Although this model was basically supported by recent freeze fracture measurements [17] quenched fibers also show grooves (periodic modulation) of the layers. These grooves have been explained in terms of the polarization modulation, however they cannot account for the stability of the fibers. Presently we are working on a unified model that combines the layer modulation model with an additional out of plane polarization, which seems to be able to explain the stability of the fibers [104]. 

Figure 1. The traditional mold design process Figure 2. The five major modules integrated into the first-layer modules...

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