Lawrence Lake

TABLE I Total Annual Budget of Carbon Fluxes in Lawrence Lake, Michigan... 

Table 1. Chemical Composition of Water and Related Data for St. Lawrence River, Representing Outflow from Lake Ontario, Selected Years (1906-1990)...

Example Great Lakes—Upper St. Lawrence River... 

Rfiine sediment, St. Lawrence and Tennessee Rivers, Great Lakes, Puget Sound, Rhode Island coast. North Sea, Baltic Sea... 

Pollution of Lake Erie, Lake Ontario and the International Section of the St. Lawrence River, Report to the International Joint Commission by the international Lake Erie and Lake Ontario/St. Lawrence Water Pollution Boards, IntematitKial Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario, 1969, Vols. 1,2 and 3. 

Ashpole SL, Bishop CA, Brooks RJ. 2004. Contaminant residues in snapping turtle Chelydm s. serpentina) eggs from the Great Lakes-St Lawrence River basin (1999 to 2000). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 47 240-252. 

Bishop CA, Koster MD, Chek AA, HusseU DJT, Jock K. 1995a. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and mercury in sediments, red-winged blackbirds Agelaius phoeniceus) and tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) from wetlands in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin. Environ Toxicol Chem 14 491-501. 

Bishop CA, Ng P, Pettit KE, Kennedy SW, Stegeman JJ, Norstrom RJ, Brooks RJ. 1998. Environmental contamination and developmental abnormalities in eggs and hatchlings of the common snapping turtle Chelydra serpentina serpentina) from the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River basin (1989-91). Environ Pollut 101 143-56. 

Lowered Water Levels from Evaporation (possibly affecting shipping, water supply quality, hydropower production in the Great Lakes—St. Lawrence system). 

Lawrence, S.G. and M.H. Holoka. 1981. Effect of selenium on impounded zooplankton in a mercury contaminated lake. Canad. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1151 83-92. 

Snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina Upper St. Lawrence River near Lake Ontario June 1984-85 2,3,7,8-TCDD... 

The authors would like to acknowledge cooperation with the First Nations people of the NWT. The communities that gave us hospitality during our fieldwork, especially the people of Sambaa K e and the Sambaa K e Development Corporation. Field assistance was provided by Lawrence Cesar (Fort Good Hope) and Jessica Jumbo (Trout Lake). Invaluable moral and logistical support and knowledge was provided by Hendrik Falck, Scott Cairns, and Brendan Norman (all NTGO). 

Mirex may be removed from Lake Ontario by several mechanisms, including the transport of contaminated suspended particulate material via water outflow into the St. Lawrence River), biomass removal through fishing and migration (e.g. migrating eels contaminated with mirex), volatilization, and photolysis (Comba et al. 1993 Lum et al. 1987). Transport of mirex accumulated in body tissues by eels has been estimated to be 2,270 grams annually or twice the amount of mirex removed by transport of suspended particulates (1,370 grams annually) (Lum et al. 1987). 

Ninety percent of the mussels collected in 1985 at various points along the St. Lawrence River contained mirex at levels up to 1.6 pg/kg (ppb). The only source of mirex was contaminated particles entering the river from Lake Ontario mussels collected from the Ottawa River, which does not receive its water from Lake Ontario, did not contain any mirex. The mirex concentrations in the mussels decreased with distance from the lake (Metcalf and Charlton 1990). 

Mirex was detected in 18% of the 1980 samples (maximum concentration, 210 pg/kg [ppb] mean concentration, 0.01 pg/g) and in 13% of the 1984 samples (maximum concentration, 440 pg/kg [ppb] mean concentration, 10 pg/kg). The highest mirex concentrations were detected in whole fish taken from Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence River, and the southeastern United States, all areas where mirex had been manufactured or used (Schmitt et al. 1990). In the recent EPA National Study of Chemical Contaminants in Fish, mirex was detected at 38% of 362 sites sampled. The mean mirex concentration was 3.86 pg/kg (ppb) and the maximum concentration was 225 pg/kg (ppb). The highest concentrations of mirex were detected in fish collected in the Lake Ontario area of New York State (EPA 1992a). 

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