Lateral distortions

The force required to resist the dampening can be detected by a feedback mechanism and related to topographical or structural information as the tip is scanned laterally over the specimen. The major advantage of this mode of operation is that the specimen experiences a minimum of lateral distortion by the scanning tip. 

Note 1 -- Sb atoms fill As and Ga type sites in a slightly buckled (0.10 A) first layer spaced 2.3 A above the GaAs surface, with lateral distortions to form a sp3 bonded chain. 

The Ir(100)(lx5) reconstruction is caused by a lateral distortion of the top layer of Ir atoms along the (10) direction (Lang et al., 1983). This distortion allows the top layer of Fr atoms to form a quasi-hexagonal two-dimensional lattice which is commensurate with the underlying (100) plane formed by the... 

Sulfur adsorption onto the surfaces of bcc metals is qualitatively different to that on fee substrates. Sulfur adsorbed onto Fc(l lO) induces lateral distortions of the Fe substrate. These movements produce a pseudo four-... 

There are several problems encountered in combination of SIMS and EPMA images. Due to the change of the sample holder, the images sometimes have different orientations. SIMS and EPMA have different projection functions, i.e. the projection of different concentrations to the resulting image intensity values is non-monotonic and non-linear. EPMA and SIMS micrographs also exhibit various artefacts, e.g. lateral distortion of the SIMS distributions [26]. Most of these distortions are both local and non-linear. All the above... 

A series of conductors running side by side may function as a band-pass filter. Proper performance of filters, as well as most other wideband RF circuits, depends on all frequencies traveling with equal speed through the structures. To the extent that this is not true, frequencies that arrive later distort the signal being processed. This is called phase distortion. 

Laminographical approaches can be used for layer-by-layer visualization of the internal microstructure for the flat objects (multilayers, PCBs etc.), that caimot be reconstructed by computerized tomography because of the limited possibilities in rotation. Depth and lateral spatial resolutions are limited by the tube, camera and rotation accuracy. Microfocus X-ray tubes and digital registration techniques with static cameras allow improving resolution. Precision object manipulations and more effective distortion corrections can do further improvement. 

It is important to evaluate the surface distortion associated with the assymetric field at the surface, a difficult task often simplified by assuming that distortion is limited to the direction normal to the plane [64, 6S]. Benson and co-workers [6S] calculated displacements for the first five planes in the (100) face of sodium chloride and found the distortion correction to of about 100 ergs/cm or about half of itself The displacements show a tendency toward ion pair formation, suggesting that lateral displacements to produce ion doublets should be considered [66] however, other calculations yielded much smaller displacements [67]. 

The first HFIP-based polycarbonate was synthesi2ed from bisphenol AF with a nonfluorkiated aromatic diol (bisphenol A) and phosgene (121,122). Incorporation of about 2—6% of bisphenol AF and bisphenol A polycarbonate improved the dimensional stabkity and heat-distortion properties over bisphenol A homopolycarbonate. Later developments in this area concern the flame-retardant properties of these polymers (123,124). 

Lugs are an improvement of the ear type by the addition of an element to provide lateral stiffening which also serves to improve load-carrying capacity and lateral strength. In high temperature services, unless heavily insulated, lugs are susceptible to distortion. 

With this approach, when an element becomes severly distorted, it is eliminated from the computational grid and becomes a free mass point. Clearly, care must be taken to avoid eliminating elements that could potentially influence the problem at some later time. An example of a three-dimensional Lagrangian calculation that uses the eroding element scheme is presented in the next section. 

Coal-tar pitch is particularly valuable to anode and electrode manufacturers The mam function is to plasticize coke gnst so that formed bodies can be extmded or molded without distortion during the later stages of processing Additionally, the pitch should give a high-carbon yield and not adversely affect the overall properties of the finished article. Although coal-tar pitch remains the bmder of choice, petroleum-based binders can perform satisfactorily for the aluminum industry [18]. 

Figure 7-74. Approximate flame distortion due to lateral wind on jet velocity from flare stack. Reprinted by permission, American Petroleum Institute, API RP-521, Guide for Pressure Reiieving and Depressuring Systems, 3rd Ed., Nov. 1990 [33].

---