Photon Counting Techniques

Advanced Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting Techniques... 

Becker, W. (2005). Advanced time-correlated single photon counting techniques. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York. 

S. Yu. Egorov, V. F. Kamalov, N. I. Koroteev, A. A. Krasnovsky Jr, B. N.Toleutaev,andS. V. Zinukov, Rise and decay kinetics of photosensitized singlet oxygen luminescence in water measurements with nanosecond time-correlated single photon counting technique, Chem. Phys. Lett. 421 —424 (1989). 

H. Dautet, P. Deschamps, B. Dion, A. D. MacGregor, D. MacSween, R. J. McIntyre, C. Trottierand P. P. Webb, Photon counting techniques with silicon avalanche photodiodes, App. Opt. 32, 3894-3900 (1993). 

The experimental arrangement for Raman spectroscopy is similar to that used for fluorescence experiments (see Figure 1.8), although excitation is always performed by laser sources and the detection system is more sophisticated in regard to both the spectral resolution (lager monochromators) and the detection limits (using photon counting techniques see Section 3.5). 

Yeh and Keeler 244) extended the method of laser-scattering spectroscopy to probe systems undergoing rapid chemical reactions. They observed the spectral line broadening in light from a singlemode He-Ne laser scattered from multicomponent solutions, as a function of time. The experiment employed a pressure-scanned Fabry-Perrot interferometer and photon counting techniques. 

Nemzek and Ware [7] have studied the fluorescence decay of 1,2-benzanthracene (and naphthalene) in 1,2-propanediol or purified mineral oil by the single photon counting technique over the temperature range 10—45°C. The fluorescence lifetimes, t0, were measured. In further experiments, which included a heavy atom fluorescence quencher, carbon tetrabromide in concentration [Q] 0.05—0.29 mol dm-3, no longer could the decay be characterised by an exponential with a constant lifetime. However, the decay of fluorescence was well described by an expression of the form... 

The time-resolved measurements were made using standard time-correlated single photon counting techniques [9]. The instrument response function had a typical full width at half-maximum of 50 ps. Time-resolved spectra were reconstructed by standard methods and corrected to susceptibilities on a frequency scale. Stokes shifts were calculated as first moments of cubic-spline interpolations of these spectra. 

Modifications to the experimental set-up for the acquisition of fluorescence spectra from samples within the ESR microwave cavity are described in previous work ( ). Further improvements using a fast photomultiplier/photon counting technique were made in an attempt to determine the radiative fluorescence lifetime in solution. Phosphorescence at 77 K was measured both by a conventional Varian spectrofluorimeter and a pulsed laser/cooled diode array imaging device. Radiative phosphorescence lifetimes were measured by the photon counting technique, using the Stanford Research System SR400 gated photon counter. 

The detection system. In the time dependent experiment, the OMA offers a more accurate method of detection than the photon counting technique. The details of operation, the different types of applications and the usefulness of this detection technique are given in a number of the articles contained in this... 

In absorption spectrometry, <7i is usually fairly constant, and x1 fitting has no advantages. Typical examples of data with nonconstant and known standard deviations are encountered in emission spectroscopy, particularly if photon counting techniques are employed, which are used for the analysis of very fast luminescence decays [27], In such cases, measurement errors follow a Poisson distribution instead... 

Evidently we may look forward to more penetrating insights still into all these effects as the laser and single-photon counting techniques become further refined. It will obviously be very convenient if it always proves possible to justify the use of (35) and (36), and (15) and (16), with reasonable choices of p0, p Q, x0, and y0. 

Halpern and Ware (97) have measured the fluorescence lifetimes (if) of HFA using the time-correlated single photon counting technique over a wide pressure range (0.1-700 torr) from... 

Instrumentation. Raman spectra were obtained with use of a Spex 40 double monochromator, and a detection system that utilized photon-counting techniques was used in conjunction with a variety of laser lines (Coherent Radiation principally 488.0, 514.5, and 647.1 nm). Powdered samples were loaded into 1 mm i.d. quartz capillaries in the drybox, and the capillaries were sealed temporarily with a plug of Kel-F grease and then drawn and sealed in a small flame outside the drybox. 

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