Lamp oil

Dearomatized or not, lamp oils correspond to petroleum cuts between Cio and C14. Their distillation curves (less than 90% at 210°C, 65% or more at 250°C, 80% or more at 285°C) give them relatively heavy solvent properties. They are used particularly for lighting or for emergency signal lamps. These materials are similar to kerosene solvents , whose distillation curves are between 160 and 300°C and which include solvents for printing inks. 

Fats and oils are one of the oldest classes of chemical compounds used by humans. Animal fats were prized for edibiUty, candles, lamp oils, and conversion to soap. Fats and oils are composed primarily of triglycerides (1), esters of glycerol and fatty acids. However, some oils such as sperm whale (1), jojoba (2), and orange roughy (3) are largely composed of wax esters (2). Waxes (qv) are esters of fatty acids with long-chain aUphatic alcohols, sterols, tocopherols, or similar materials. 

By the middle of the nineteenth century it was realized, both in England and in the United States, that kerosene, or coal oil, distilled from coal, could produce a luminous combustion flame. Commercialization was rapid. By the time of the U.S. Civil War, /yr (23,000 gal/yr) of lamp oil was... 

EC Directive amending Directive 79/769/EEC on dangerous substances lamps oils... 

Rubbing alcohol Lamp oil Note Color the lamp oil and rubbing alcohol with food dyes Molasses Antifreeze Ivory liquid (white) Palmolive liquid (green) T TM Joy Dawn (blue) Mineral oil All layers, except the mineral oil, can be colored with a drop or two of food coloring... 

Cardiovascular Effects. In a recent report on the clinical treatment of phenol poisoning, Langford et al. (1998) provide a summary of a case report in which a woman accidentally consumed an ounce of 89% phenol which had been mistakenly been given to her in preparation for an in-office procedure. Her immediate reaction upon consuming the phenol was to clutch her throat and collapse, and within 30 minutes she was comatose and had gone into respiratory arrest. Treatment was initiated with an endotracheal intubation. Ventilation with a bag and mask led to the detection of a lamp oil odor. Within an hour she developed ventricular tachycardia which responded to cardioversion however, she subsequently developed (in the first 24 hours) supraventricular and ventricular dysrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, and experienced a grand mal seizure. After a 15-day hospital stay, she was completely recovered with no evidence of impaired motility or compromised gastrointestinal or cardiovascular systems. 

Extraction Restoration of Taxol source switch Lamp oil from whales to... 

Smoke Point A measurement of the burning quality of jet fuel, kerosene, and lamp oils. This value is determined by ASTM D-1322. 

Wick Char The weight of deposit which forms on a wick after burning kerosene or lamp oil under specified test conditions. It is a rating of burning quality. 

Unfortunately for the sperm whale population, spermaceti oil was at one time considered the finest lamp oil and continues to be commercially valuable as a lubricant. Several centuries of intensive hunting of these mammals have driven sperm whales onto the endangered species list. 

Gesner distinguished between three grades of kerosene grades A, B, and C. Grade C, he said, was the best lamp oil. Grades A and B could also be burned in lamps, but they were dangerous because they could cause explosions and fires. 

How do you think the introduction of kerosene as a lamp oil changed people s lives at the time What conclusions can you draw about the possible impact of technology ... 

Kerosene 175-275°C (Cj2-Cig hydrocarbons used for lamp oil, diesel fuel, starting material for catalytic cracking)... 

An optical pyrometer is simply a photometer using monochromatic light (usually. red) in which the intensity of radiation from either a standard or a constant source (electric lamp, oil flame, etc.) is compared with that from the object of which the temperature is desired. Frequently the two intensities are made equal by adjusting various types of absorbing devices (absorption glasses, iris diaphragm, etc.) interposed either on the furnace side or the standard-lamp side of the pyrometer, depending upon... 

Kerosene is the lightest straight fuel oil in the distillate category and has uses, which range from lamp oils, to light stove oils, and diesel fuels for use in Arctic service. Pour points of below —50°C are the attraction of kerosene for low temperature diesel fuel applications. A small addition of lubricating oil stocks is made to diesel fuel in this service. 

Our current energy system was started around 1800 when the world population was less than 1 billion. Before 1800, energy came from human labor, animals, wind, water or combustion of wood and animal fats. All these sources were renewed by natural processes. From the Chinese, Europeans learned that a black rock, coal, would bum hotter than wood. It was discovered that heating coal would produce oil (coal oil) suitable for lamps. Later it was discovered that lamp oil could be produced from the oil that seeped from the rocks. This rock oil (petroleum) became the basis for the oil industry. As a result, an energy technology that exploited fossil fuels proliferated. Unlike the energy sources used before 1800 fossil fuels are non-renewable finite resources. 

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