Ladders, cost

Cb is the cost of the shell as a function of shell weight, height and diameter Cp is the platform and ladder cost as a function of diameter. 

Labor requirements for plants, 197-202 Laboratory test costs, 204 Ladders, cost of, 711... 

Historical data on similar vessels and fractionation towers can best be used by correlating the costs of this equipment vs. weight. Many methods can be found in the literature for estimating the weight and costs of vessels and fractionators (References 8. 9, 10, and 11). Make sure the estimated weight is complete including skirt, ladders and platfonns, special internals, nozzles, and manholes. 

Pressure storage tanks should be coirelated using /lb vs. w eight, much the same as other pressure vessels. Materials of construction, of course, would be another variable. Special internals, insulation, and internal heat exchangers should again be separated from the base cost of the tank. The w eight of supports, ladders, and platforms should be estimated and added to the weight of the... 

Passage from one level to another level should be by stairways, where impractical, vertical ladders are normally provided. Preferably stairways and ladders should be located on the exterior faces of structures that face away from the plant. Stairways designs that require evacuation to be through other process equipment or areas should be avoided. On fired units where the towers may be very close to the furnace, providing an additional walkway bridge link to an adjacent tower or structure may be more cost effective if the towers need to be climbed frequently. 

FIG. 10-193 Cost ( 30 percent) of field-erected, domed, flat-bottom API 650 tanks, October 2005, includes concrete foundation and typical nozzles, ladders, and platforms. 1 gal = 0.003785 m. ... 

The absorption column and its associated structures (platforms, ladders and railings) are expected to cost in the region of AS870 000. The final design comparesfavourably with similar units already found in industry. 

Section 6.5 because of the detailed design information now available. The costing was done in accordance with the recommendations of Mu let, Corripio and Evans (Ref. Al 3). Their method utilizes correlations for the cost of a simple carbon-steel structure. Factors are then applied to account for the cost of other materials, the inclusion of trays, for operating pressure, and for incidentals such as ladders and railings. The cooling circuit was costed on the basis of heat-transfer area using similar correlations. Details of the cost estimation calculations are included in Appendix G.5. 

Cp/, Estimated cost of column accessories, e.g. platforms and ladders. 

Practice standards. Practice standards are needed to ensure consistent, comprehensive pharmacy services for each patient. According to the mission statement, the goal is for each patient to be free of drug-related problems. And drug products must be procured, prepared, and distributed cost-effectively, efficiently, and safely. The standards must be designed so that the pharmacist is reasonably able to maintain them. Career advancement opportunities should be made available within clinical practice and not be confined to a managerial track. Career ladders should be constructed to institutionalize and formalize department expectations for the development of clinical practice skills. 

Figure 8.4 displays the air finfan unit cost in carbon steel materials. This figure includes the cost of the tube bundle, fan, fan electric motor, bundle casing, inlet/outlet casing manifolds, steel structure, stairways, and ladders. Tube pressure rating, material, and labor for both fabrication shop and field assembly are added factors per the associated tables. (See Tables 8.13 to 8.16.)... 

Heat resistance of organic polymers is far lower than that of metals, ceramics, and glass. There have been major improvements, based on aromatic and heterocyclic resonance, ladder structures, and other mechanisms, and we may see further improvement in the future. Perhaps more serious limitations are the high cost of synthesis and the difficulty of processing these polymers into the desired final products. This is an area where the polymer chemist could use more help from the plastics engineer. 

The purchased cost for plate and packed towers can be divided into the following components (1) cost for shell, including heads, skirts, manholes, and nozzles (2) cost for internals, including trays and accessories, packing, supports, and distributor plates and (3) cost for auxiliaries, such as platforms, ladders, handrails, and insulation. 

Table 9 presents data that can be used for estimating the cost of such auxiliaries as ladders, platforms, and handrails. The installed cost of several industrial-type insulations, all with aluminum jackets, for towers and tanks may... 

Structural Steel - Use procedure in Section 19.3 to develop take-offs and cost. Break down by structures and pipe racks and don t forget to identify and estimate miscellaneous service ladders and platforms related to specific equipment items. 

Finally, there are miscellaneous costs such as the provision of a ladder, platform, and an adequate foundation. These proved to be expressible in the form... 

---