Lactose gelatinized starch

Figure 49.2 shows the rate of NEB as a function of RH for lactose and lactose-gelatinized starch (3 1) systems incubated at 70°C. Since lactose is a reducing sugar, NEB rate values were higher in the lactose systems than in the lactose-starch ones as a result of a dilution effect of the reactants. As previously indicated the purpose was to compare the shape of the curves and the location of the maximum in the RH scale. The maximum NEB rate for the lactose system was observed at 43% RH, in which the sample was completely crystalline. The kinetics of lactose crystallization was delayed by the incorporation of starch. However, the RH value at which crystallization started was the same as the lactose system, and the rate of NEB decreased only slighly above 52% RH (Figure 49.2). Several other studies have also indicated that the addition of a polymer to an amorphous matrix delayed the crystallization of the sugar (Roos and Karel, 1991 O Brien, 1996 Gabarra and Hartel, 1998 Mazzobre et al., 2001 Biliaderis et al., 2002). At higher RH, the NEB rate dramatically decreased for lactose, which was completely crystalline and where water had an inhibitory effect on the reaction. In the...

NEB rate versus RH for lactose (a) and lactose-gelatinized starch (3 1) (O) systems, incubated at 70°C. The arrow indicates the RH for the maximum NEB rate. 

RH relative humidity (%), Gel. St. gelatinized starch, W.C. water content (% dry basis), Nat. St. native starch, T. glass transition temperature (°C), Lact. lactose. 

The substances are given in gelatin capsules whitened with titanium dioxide lactose or starch can be added to complete the capsule filling. In this way the patient - and, ideally, the observing physician cannot recognize the compound. 

Catapres Clonidine HC1 USP 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg Tablet Hypertension Alpha-adrenoreceptor agonist Colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, dibasic calcium phosphate, gelatin, glycerin, lactose, magnesium stearate, methylparaben, propylparaben Boehriner Ingelheim (Mylan)... 

Lactose USP Dicalcium phosphate Ethylcellulose Magnesium stearate MCC Sucrose, dextrose Poloxamer 188 PEG 3350 CAP HPC HPMC Bentonite Pregelatinized starch Starch USP, Corn Gelatin USP Povidone Sodium starch glycolate Polyplasdone XL Sorbitol CMC Na... 

A great many of the materials that are used as pharmaceutical excipients occur naturally in the amorphous or partially amorphous state (e.g., gelatin and starch). Many others have been found to possess improved handling and mechanical properties when processed in such a manner as to render them at least partially amorphous. Examples of this include the grades of microcrystalline cellulose and lactose monohydrate used as pharmaceutical tableting diluents. ° ... 

Starting materials 80 /o lactose + 20°7o maize starch Binder solution 4< o gelatine, liquid flow rate 150g/min Bed load 15kgAr=20°C... 

The following matrices were employed pol)winylpyrrolydone (PVP) of molecular weight 34,000 obtained from ISP Technologies, Inc. (Wa)me, NJ) a mixture (2 1 (w/w)) of PVP gelatinized wheat starch a mixture (2 1 (w/w)) of PVP native wheat starch a mixture (3 1 (w/w)) of lactose obtained from Mallinckrodt Chemical Works (St Louis, MO) gelatinized wheat starch and gelatinized wheat starch and lactose. 

Nature already produces the desired structures, and isolation of these components mostly requires only physical methods without chemical modification. Examples comprise polysaccharides (cellulose, starch, alginate, pectin, agar, chitin, and inuUn), disaccharides (sucrose and lactose), and triglycerides, lecithin, natural rubber, gelatin, flavors and fragrances, etc. 

The bacterium is catalase-positive, liquefies gelatin, produces indole, reduces nitrate, ferments glucose, sucrose, maltose, galactose, fructose, mannose, lactose, starch, dextrins, dulcitol, glycogen, xylose, rhamnose, salicin and does not ferment sorbose. The major long-chain fatty acid is methyltetradecanoic. Some strains produce bacteriocin-like substances that inhibit other species (Fujimura and Nakamura, 1978). 

Schaefer and Worts (1978) Lactose and maize starch powder with gelatine, PVP, and MCC binders Eluid bed Drop size... 

Several processing factors can affect the binder performance during extrusion and spheronization processes including hydration level, extruder speed, shape, hole size, spheronizer speed, and residence time. While the use of microcrystalline cellulose alone or in combination with lactose is widely adopted, the addition of binders can aid in the formation of a plastic mass than can be easily extruded and spheronized. Increasing the PVP or starch/gelatin level increases the pellet size and decreases their friability (59). 

Around 70°C, the gelatinization of finely divided flours (starches) mixed with water can be observed. Retrogradation, for instance bread staling, can also be studied [97]. Crystallization of amorphous sugars (e.g., crystallization of amorphous lactose in milk powders [98]) can be detected in reconstituted foods. However, protein denaturation is no longer detected elearly when studying liquid whole milk products containing lipids, lactose, caleium, etc. 

Excipients in the pharmaceutical processing operations may originate from a wide variety of sources, including plants (e.g., starches, sugars, celluloses), animals (gelatin, lactose, shellac), minerals (e.g., dicalcium phosphate dehydrate, magnesium stearate), and from synthetic origin (e.g., polyvinylpyrolidone, polysorbates. 

Uncoated tablet materials, lactose, liquid glucose, mannitol, stearic acid, starch, calcium stearate, talc and sucrose could be tolerated in the precipitation solution without interference. As gelatin and polyvinylpyrrolidone precipitate with sodium tetraphenylboron it is not possible to apply the method to tablets containing these materials. 

---