Infusion solutions and emulsions

Schindel L (1972) Intravenous infusion solutions and emulsions. In Meyler L, Herxheimer A (eds) Side effects of drugs, VII. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam London New York, pp 471 81... 

Schindel L (1977) Intravenous infusions - solutions and emulsions. In Dukes MNG (ed) Side effects of drugs, annual 1. Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam Oxford, pp 252-261... 

Soybean oil emulsions are also incompatible with many other drug substances, IV infusion solutions, and ions (above certain concentrations). 

Fluosol s shortcomings included prolonged organ retention of F-tripropylamine (reticuloendothelial system (RES) half-life 65 days), complement activation, and hemodynamic effects due to Pluronic, excessive dilution, limited intravascular persistence, insufficient stability, and lack of user-friendliness. The product came as three separate preparations the frozen stem emulsion and two annex salt solutions. The stem emulsion had to be carefully thawed, then admixed sequentially to the annex solutions, and the reconstituted product had to be used within 8 h. This cumbersome procedure, the short window for use, the further need for administering a small-test dose to patients prior to infusion in order to identify those patients who were sensitive to Pluronic, contributed to compromising the product s commercial success. 

Clearly, physical stability is of critical importance for emulsion formulations, and care must be taken to ensure not only that the product itself is physically stable but that any infusion solutions which may be prepared by dilution of the emulsion are also physically stable over the required period of time. In addition, parenteral emulsions should be able to withstand the stresses associated with moist heat sterilization. Alternatively, if this cannot be achieved, it may be possible to prepare an emulsion aseptically from sterile components, provided the process can be suitably validated. For a good introduction to the formulation and preparation of IV emulsions, the reader is referred to Hansrani et al. (1983). 

After the DAG or TAG emulsion was administered, the rats were continuously infused with glucose solution. Lymph was collected from the cannula inserted into the left thoracic duct for analysis during intervals of 0-1,1-2,2-3, 3—4,5-6,6-8 and 8-24 h after gastric infusion of the emulsion. 

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