Konigsberg

At the time of Leonhard Ealer (the 18th century, Konigsberg had seven bridges across the Prcgcl river. Some of the townspeople wanted to know if there was a path through the town that allowed one to eross each of the seven bridges exactly once and finish at the starting point. 

Thus, the graph theory introduced by Euler in 1736 proved that it was not possible to walk through Konigsberg by crossing each bridge exactly once and ending up at the point where the path was started [36. ... 

Puler path A connected graph can be traversed in one path (W hich ends at the node where it began) ifall nodes have an even degree (sec the Konigsberg bridge problem. Section 2.4.1). 

The three men whose work later in the nineteenth century was crucial in bringing clarity to this principle were two Germans, the physician Julius Robert Mayer and the great polymath Hermann von Helmholtz, and the British amateur scientist James Joule. In a lecture delivered by Helmholtz on February 7, 1854, in Konigsberg on The Interaction of Natural Forces, ... 

The proof of this theorem, which is not difficult, will not be given here. Since the graph associated with the Konigsberg land-bridge connections has three vertices of odd degree, it cannot be unicursal (or traceable). Obviously it is not an Euler graph. 

Examples (a) nucleosome K Huger, AW Mader, RK Richmond, DF Sargent, TJ Richmond. Nature 389 251-260, 1997 (b) DNA polymerases CA Brautigam, TA Steitz. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 8 54-63, 1998 (c) single-stranded binding protein Y Shamoo, AM Friedman, MR Parsons, WH Konigsberg, TA Steitz. Nature 376 362-366, 1995 (d) restriction endonucleases RA Kovall, BW Matthews. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 3 578-583, 1999 (e) DNA lig-ase S Shuman. Structure 4 653-656, 1996 (f) DNA helicases MC Hall, SW Matson. Mol. Microbiol. 34 867-877, 1999 (g) zinc-finger proteins Y Choo, JW Schwabe. Nat. Struct. Biol. 5 253-255, 1998. 

Edelman, G.M., Gall, W.E., Waxdal, M.J., and Konigsberg, W.H. (1968) The covalent structure of a human gG-immunoglobulin. I. Isolation and characterization of the whole molecules, the polypeptide chains, and the tryptic fragments. Biochemistry 7, 1950-1958. 

Konigsberg, W. (1972) Reduction of disulfide bonds in proteins with dithiothreitol. In Methods in Enzymology, (C.H.W. Hirs, and S.N. Timaseff, eds.), Vol. 25 p. 185. Academic Press, New York. 

Simon, S.R., and Konigsberg, W.H. (1966) Chemical modification of hemoglobins A study of conformation restraint by internal bridging. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 56, 749. 

Smyth, D.G. (1967) Acetylation of amino and tyrosine hydroxyl groups./. Biol. Chem. 242, 1592-1598. Smyth, D.G., Blumenfeld, O.O., and Konigsberg, W. (1964) Reaction of N-ethylmaleimide with peptides and amino acids. Biochem. J. 91, 589. 

Feld Also called Thionite. An early process proposed for removing hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from coal gas by absorption in an aqueous solution of ammonium thionates. Investigated by W. Feld in Germany in the early 1900s operated at Konigsberg, but never fully developed. 

Ibid., 423. Helmholtz s remark can be found quoted in Leo Konigsberger s life of Helmholtz, Hermann von Helmholtz, trans. Frances A. Welby (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1906) 340 "Chemists must be allowed to form hypotheses after their fashion, since the whole extraordinarily comprehensive system of organic chemistry has developed in the most irrational manner, always linked with sensory images, which could not possibly be legitimate in the form in which they are represented."... 

Konigsberger, Leo. Hermann von Helmholtz. Trans. Frances A. Welby. Oxford Clarendon Press, 1906. 

Guidotti, G., R. J. Hill, and IV. Konigsberg The structure of human hemoglobin. TI. The sepanition and amino acid composition of the tryptic peptides from the a and p chains. Journ. Biol. Chem. 237, 2184-2195 (1962). 

Konigsberg, W., and R. J. Hill The structure ol human hemoglobins. 111. The sequence of amino acid.s in the tryptic peptides of the a-chain. Journ. Biol. Chem. 237, 2517 -2561 (1962). 

WaUach, O. Justus Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1892, 272, 99. Otto Wallach (1847—1931), bom in Konigsberg, Prussia, studied under Wohler and Hofmann. He was the director of the Chemical Institute at Gottingen from 1889 to 1915. His book Terpene und Kampfer served as the foundation for future work in terpene chemistry. Wallach was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1910 for his work on alicyclic compounds. Moore, M. L. Org. React. 1948, 5, 301. (Review). 

Konigsberg PJ, Debrick JE, Pawlowski TJ, Staerz UD, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1999, 1421, 149-162. 

Henderson LE, Oroszlan S, Konigsberg W (1979) Anal Biochem 93 153 Hjelmeland ML (1990) Meth Enzymol 182 277... 

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