Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions

Armitage, A. R., and Fong, P. (2004). Upward cascading effects of nutrients Shifts in a benthic microalgal community and a negative herbivore response. Oecologia 139, 560-567. 

Gordon, D. M., and McComb, A. J. (1981). Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of Cladophora in the Peel-Harvey estuarine system, western Australia. Bot. Mar. 24, 381-387. 

and Weeks, D. C. (1972). Ionic relationships oiEnteromorpha intestinalis. New Phytol. 71, 119-127. 

Fernandes, T. F., Read, P., and RaffaeUi, D. (2000). Effects of macroalgal mats on intertidal sandflats An experimental study. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 249, 123-137. 

and Fong, P. (2005). Macroalgal-mediated transfers of water column nitrogen to intertidal sediments and salt marsh plants. JExp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 321, 59-69. 

---

Multiple mechanisms in the long-QT syndrome—current knowledge, gaps, and future directions. Circulation 94 1996-2012... 

In this chapter, I shall critically review our knowledge of the link between UVR and the different categories of species interactions mentioned above, trying to lay emphasis on the overall net result in population size for the respective interactions, and, wherever possible, presenting general patterns, identifying major gaps, and future research directions. 

There is now strong evidence that certain strains of LAB are endowed with the capacity to stimulate both nonspecific and specific immune functions. This highlights the opportunity for the dairy and health food industries to develop novel, valueadding, immunity-enhancing food products. However, many significant gaps remain in our knowledge. Therefore, future studies should be directed at ... 

By providing a unified theoretical basis for the quantification of mass and heat transfer in tumors and then compiling recent experimental findings of various investigators, this article points out several gaps in our present knowledge and suggests some directions for future work. 

---