Histidine-protein kinase

HISTIDIN kinase (histidine protein kinase PlnB, sensor protein) <14> [3, 18, 19, 20]... 

Fig. 9.4 Organization of glycopeptide-resistance genes in transposon Tnl546. IR, invested repeats HPK, histidine protein kinase TcR, low level teicoplanin resistance.

The reaction of X with S must be fast and reversible, close to if not at equilibrium with concentration of S. It can be that there is an intermediate step in which X binds to a protein kinase (a protein which phosphorylates other proteins mostly at histidine residues in bacteria) using phosphate transferred from ATP. It then gives XP which is the transcription factor, where concentration of S still decides the extent of phosphorylation. No change occurs in DNA itself. Here equilibrium is avoided as dephosphorylation involves a phosphatase, though changes must be relatively quick since, for example, cell cycling and division depend on these steps, which must be completed in minutes. We have noted that such mechanical trigger-proteins as transcription factors are usually based on a-helical backbones common to all manner of such adaptive conformational responses (Section 4.11). 

HupT Histidine protein kinase Autophosphorylable H2 signal transmitter HupTA 118 95 H2 independent Increased activity... 

RegB Histidine protein kinase Redox sensor RegB 37 53 Global regulation... 

Chapter 2). Protein-protein interaction experiments revealed that this C-terminal domain of HoxB is necessary for the oligomerization of two RH dimers to form a tetramer and for contacting the histidine protein kinase HoxJ (T. Buhrke and B. Friedrich, unpublished results). 

Histone kinases responsible for N-phosphorylation have been isolated from regenerating rat liver [109] and Walker-256 carcinosarcoma cells [110]. One kinase with a pH optimum of 9.5 phosphorylated His-18 and His-75 of H4, while the other with a pH optimum of 6.5 phosphorylated lysine of HI. The enzyme from regenerating rat liver phosphorylated H4 at 1-phosphoryl histidine, while the carcinosarcoma enzyme phosphorylated H4 His at the position 3 [111]. Both kinases were cAMP independent [110]. Matthews and colleagues purified a 32-kDa histidine H4 kinase from yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [112,113]. The enzyme phosphorylated His-75 (1-phosphoryl histidine) in H4. His-18 of H4 and other histidines in other core histones were not phosphorylated by this kinase [112]. Protein phosphatases 1, 2A, and 2C could dephosphorylate His-75 of H4 [114]. Applying a gel kinase approach to detect mammalian H4 histidine kinases, Besant and Attwood detected four activities in the 34-41 kDa range with extracts from porcine thymus [115]. 

Popov, K.M. Zhao, Y. Shimomura, Y. Kuntz, M.J. Harris, R.A. Branched-chain a-ketoacid dehydrogenase kinase. Molecular cloning, expression, and sequence similarity with histidine protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem., 267, 13127-13130 (1992)... 

Ma, S. Wozniak, D.J. Ohman, D.E. Identification of the histidine protein kinase KinB in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its phosphorylation of the alginate regulator algB. J. Biol. Chem., 272, 17952-17960 (1997)... 

Bartsevich, V.V. Shestakov, S.V. The dspA gene product of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 influences sensitivity to chemically different growth inhibitors and has amino acid similarity to histidine protein kinases. Microbiology, 141, 2915-2920 (1995)... 

Janausch, I.C. Carcia-Moreno, I. Unden, C. Function of DcuS from Escherichia coli as a fumarate-stimulated histidine protein kinase in vitro. J. Biol. Chem., 277, 39809-39814 (2002)... 

Kobayashi, K. Shoji, K. Shimizu, T Nakano, K. Sato, T. Kobayashi, Y Analysis of a suppressor mutation ssb (kinC) of sur0B20 (spoOA) mutation in Bacillus subtilis reveals that kinC encodes a histidine protein kinase. J. BacterioL, 177, 176-182 (1995)... 

JJ Hillard, RM Goldschmidt, L Licata, EZ Baum, K Bush. Multiple mechanisms of action for inhibitors of histidine protein kinases from bacterial two-component systems. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 1693-1699, 1999. 

TCRSs usually consist of a sensor histidine protein kinase, often membrane-bound and containing a periplasmic domain, and a cytoplasmic response regulator... 

Cytokinin receptor as a histidine protein kinase (His-kinase) 51... 

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