Kidneys water

It is also important to re-establish the proper direction of Qi movement between the internal organs. For instance, the Spleen-Qi should ascend and Stomach-Qi should descend the Kidney-Qi should ascend and Lung-Qi should descend the Kidney-water should ascend and Heart-fire should descend. Regulating the Qi of these organs may assist the normal Qi movement of the body. 

Excess Heart-fire is mostly generated by Liver-fire, its mother organ. The most common cause is emotional disturbance, such as stress and frustration. It may also be caused by the imbalance between Kidney and Heart, such as in shock where the Heart-fire loses control of the Kidney-water. Moreover, some diseases or some drugs can directly injure the Yin of the Heart and cause Heart-fire to ascend, such as in a warm-febrile disease. 

Zhi Mu and Xuan Shen are bitter and cold. Both enter the Kidney meridian. They can reduce the heat and nourish the Yin of the Kidney. They can be used as chief herbs in a formula to reduce the empty-heat of the Kidney. Moreover, since Zhi Mu enters the Lung meridian and Xuan Shen can ascend the Kidney-water to reduce the fire of the Heart, Zhi Mu can be used in conditions where thirst and fever exist, and Xuan Shen can be used in cases of restlessness and insomnia. 

The stable relationship between the Heart and Kidney is important in maintaining the normal mental state. It is described as the Heart-fire descends to the Lower-Jiao to warm the Kidney-water and the Kidney-water ascends to the Upper-Jiao to calm the Heart-fire. Both herbs are cold in nature and enter the Heart and Kidney meridians. They are able to nourish the Heart-Yin and reduce the excess lire and empty-fire there. They are often chosen in formulas to treat restlessness and palpitation caused by Yin deficiency with heat in the Heart. 

Xuan Shen is bitter, salty and cold, and enters the Kidney meridian. It cannot tonify the Heart-Yin directly, but it can lift the Kidney water from the Lower-Jiao to reduce the Heart-fire in the Upper-Jiao. Thus, it is often selected in formulas to treat conditions where the Heart-Yin is deficient due to intense empty-fire in the Heart. 

Xuan Shen is bitter, cold and salty, and enters the Kidney meridian. It can clear heat and reduce fire. Unlike Sheng Di Huang, it is not sweet and has no function in generating Yin, but it can lift the Kidney-water (Yin) upwards to reduce the excess fire of the Heart. It is often used with Sheng Di Huang to treat excess heat and empty-heat in the Heart. It can relieve thirst, dry throat, warm sensations in the chest and irritability. However, if a patient has a Yin deficiency, especially Kidney-Yin deficiency, Xuan Shen should not be used for too long. 

Xuan Shen is bitter, salty and cold. It can lift the Kidney-water from the Lower-Jiao to the Upper-Jiao to reduce the excess fire... 

Antidiuretic hormone is a posterior pituitary peptide hormone that binds to vasoconstrictive Via receptors (via Gaq to activate PLC and thence increase cytsosolic Ca2+), to V2 receptors (causing kidney water reabsorption via Gas and increased cAMP) and to corticotropin secretion-regulating Vlb (V3) receptors (mediated by Gaq to activate PLC and thence increase cytosolic Ca2+). For bioactive-G protein interactions see Table 5.9. 

Cardiovascular Cranial nerves IX Magnocellular ADH Kidney water... 

Fig. 3.17. (a) A 2D BN-PAGE gel (rat kidney water extract) (b) showing the detection of (b) Zn-containing proteins by imaging of the gei section using LA-iCP-SFMS (5). 

Zhang R, vanHoek AN, Biwersi J, Verkman AS (1993) A point mutation at cysteine 189 blocks the water permeability of rat kidney water channel CHIP28L Biochemistry 32 2938-2941... 

Once the compound enters the blood, its residence within the bloodstream depends upon its solubility. In water-soluble compounds, the chemicals remain dissolved in the aqueous blood and are trapped until they are allowed to exit, either via channels or gates, or through large fenestrations such as those that occur in the liver or the kidney. Water-soluble compounds are ushered around the bloodstream in a very controlled fashion. In contrast, hpid-soluble compounds enter, and often exit, the bloodstream in an uncontrolled fashion. 

Of the water-soluble vitamins, intakes of nicotinic acid [59-67-6] on the order of 10 to 30 times the recommended daily allowance (RE)A) have been shown to cause flushing, headache, nausea, and moderate lowering of semm cholesterol with concurrent increases in semm glucose. Toxic levels of foHc acid [59-30-3] are ca 20 mg/d in infants, and probably approach 400 mg/d in adults. The body seems able to tolerate very large intakes of ascorbic acid [50-81-7] (vitamin C) without iH effect, but levels in excess of 9 g/d have been reported to cause increases in urinary oxaHc acid excretion. Urinary and blood uric acid also rise as a result of high intakes of ascorbic acid, and these factors may increase the tendency for formation of kidney or bladder stones. AH other water-soluble vitamins possess an even wider margin of safety and present no practical problem (82). 

Rats showed no adverse effects from 5.0% dipropylene glycol in their drinking water for 77 days, but at a dose of 10.0% in the drinking water, kidney and Hver injury and some deaths occurred (35). A sufficient number of studies have not been carried out on tripropylene glycol to permit conclusions to be drawn regarding its chronic oral toxicity. 

Spira.1- Wound Modules. Spiral-wound modules were used originally for artificial kidneys, but were fuUy developed for reverse osmosis systems. This work, carried out by UOP under sponsorship of the Office of Saline Water (later the Office of Water Research and Technology) resulted in a number of spiral-wound designs (63—65). The design shown in Figure 21 is the simplest and most common, and consists of a membrane envelope wound around a perforated central coUection tube. The wound module is placed inside a tubular pressure vessel, and feed gas is circulated axiaUy down the module across the membrane envelope. A portion of the feed permeates into the membrane envelope, where it spirals toward the center and exits through the coUection tube. 

Kidney Function. Prostanoids influence a variety of kidney functions including renal blood flow, secretion of renin, glomerular filtration rate, and salt and water excretion. They do not have a critical role in modulating normal kidney function but play an important role when the kidney is under stress. Eor example, PGE2 and -I2 are renal vasodilators (70,71) and both are released as a result of various vasoconstrictor stimuli. They thus counterbalance the vasoconstrictor effects of the stimulus and prevent renal ischemia. The renal side effects of NSAIDS are primarily observed when normal kidney function is compromised. 

Calcium channel blockers cause more pronounced lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive patients than in normotensive individuals. Generally, all calcium channel blockers cause an immediate increase in PRA during acute treatment in patients having hypertension but PRA is normalized during chronic treatment despite the sustained decrease in blood pressure. These agents also do not generally produce sodium and water retention, unlike the conventional vasodilators. This is because they produce diuretic effects by direct actions on the kidney. 

Cellulose acetate films, specially cast to have a dense surface and a porous substmcture, are used in reverse osmosis to purify brackish water (138—141) in hollow fibers for purification of blood (artificial kidney) (142), and for purifying fmit juices (143,144) (see Membrane technology). 

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