Kawasaki

Allen S M and Cahn J W 1979 Acta. Metall. 27 1085 see also Ohta T, Jasnow D and Kawasaki K 1982 Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 1223 for the model A scaled structure factor... 

The Aromax process was developed in the early 1970s by Toray Industries, Inc. in Japan (95—98). The adsorption column consists of a horizontal series of independent chambers containing fixed beds of adsorbent. Instead of a rotary valve, a sequence of specially designed on—off valves under computer control is used to move inlet and withdrawal ports around the bed. Adsorption is carried out in the Hquid phase at 140°C, 785—980 kPA, and 5—13 L/h. PX yields per pass is reported to exceed 90% with a typical purity of 99.5%. The first Aromax unit was installed at Toray s Kawasaki plant in March 1973. In 1994, IFP introduced the Eluxyl adsorption process (59,99). The proprietary adsorbent used is designated SPX 3000. Individual on-off valves controlled by a microprocessor are used. Raman spectroscopy to used to measure concentration profiles in the column. A 10,000 t/yr demonstration plant was started and successfully operated at Chevron s Pascagoula plant from 1995—96. IFP has Hcensed two hybrid units. 

The Isolene II process was commercialized in 1971 by Toray Industries (120—122). The catalyst is Pt on an acidic support. Operating conditions ate reported to be 250—500°C and 1—3 MPa. The first Isolene II plant was built at Toray s Kawasaki complex. 

Japan Catalytic Chemical, Kawasaki, Japan 12 sec-O MYpO pO Oy / -paraffins... 

Secondary alcohols (C q—for surfactant iatermediates are produced by hydrolysis of secondary alkyl borate or boroxiae esters formed when paraffin hydrocarbons are air-oxidized ia the presence of boric acid [10043-35-3] (19,20). Union Carbide Corporation operated a plant ia the United States from 1964 until 1977. A plant built by Nippon Shokubai (Japan Catalytic Chemical) ia 1972 ia Kawasaki, Japan was expanded to 30,000 t/yr capacity ia 1980 (20). The process has been operated iadustriaHy ia the USSR siace 1959 (21). Also, predominantiy primary alcohols are produced ia large volumes ia the USSR by reduction of fatty acids, or their methyl esters, from permanganate-catalyzed air oxidation of paraffin hydrocarbons (22). The paraffin oxidation is carried out ia the temperature range 150—180°C at a paraffin conversion generally below 20% to a mixture of trialkyl borate, (RO)2B, and trialkyl boroxiae, (ROBO). Unconverted paraffin is separated from the product mixture by flash distillation. After hydrolysis of residual borate esters, the boric acid is recovered for recycle and the alcohols are purified by washing and distillation (19,20). 

Jptt Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 63,280,055 (Nov. 17, 1988), A. Yamuchi and co-workers (to Kawasaki Steel Corp.). 

Henkel Rearrangement of Benzoic Acid and Phthalic Anhydride. Henkel technology is based on the conversion of benzenecarboxyhc acids to their potassium salts. The salts are rearranged in the presence of carbon dioxide and a catalyst such as cadmium or zinc oxide to form dipotassium terephthalate, which is converted to terephthahc acid (59—61). Henkel technology is obsolete and is no longer practiced, but it was once commercialized by Teijin Hercules Chemical Co. and Kawasaki Kasei Chemicals Ltd. Both processes foUowed a route starting with oxidation of napthalene to phthahc anhydride. In the Teijin process, the phthaHc anhydride was converted sequentially to monopotassium and then dipotassium o-phthalate by aqueous recycle of monopotassium and dipotassium terephthalate (62). The dipotassium o-phthalate was recovered and isomerized in carbon dioxide at a pressure of 1000—5000 kPa ( 10 50 atm) and at 350—450°C. The product dipotassium terephthalate was dissolved in water and recycled as noted above. Production of monopotassium o-phthalate released terephthahc acid, which was filtered, dried, and stored (63,64). 

The total consumption of succinic acid and succinic anhydride in 1990 was 1,500 t in the United States, 2,500 t in Europe, 7,500 t in Japan, and 1,500 t in other countries. Production was 500 t in the United States, 2,500 t in Europe, and 11,000 t in Japan. The total installed capacity is in the 18,000—20,000-t/yr range. The total consumption decreased slightly between 1990 and 1994 mainly because of the replacement of succinic acid by fumaric acid in bath preparations, which is one of the main uses of succinic acid in Japan. The principal producers are Buffalo Color in the United States, Lon2a SpA and Chemie Tin 2 in Europe, Kawasaki Kasei, Nippon Shokubai, Takeda Chemical, Kyowa Hakko, and New Japan Chemical in Japan. 

Jptt Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 61,204,148 (Sept. 10, 1986), K. Matsuzaki, S. Ikemoto, and M. Narita (to Kawasaki Kasei Chemicals, Ltd.). 

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