Kaempferol-3-rutinoside

Risner, C.H. A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, /7-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, 7-hydroxycoumarin, scopoletin, rutin and kaempferol 3-rutinoside, quer-citin, and syringic acid in tobacco and other matrices R DM, 1988, No. 48, February 3, see www.ijrtdocs. com 506307056 -7080. 

The flavan-3-ols (-)-epicatechin (202 mg/kg) and (+)-catechin (44 mg/kg) have also been reported [19], while the flavonols, quercetin 3-rutinoside (the principal flavonol), and kaempferol 3 rutinoside, were only located in the skin at a concentration of 15 mg of flavonoids per kg of fruit [21 22]. 

A wide range of kaempferol and quercetin glycosides has also been reported, among them quercetin 3-rutinoside, kaempferol 3-rutinoside and quercetin 3-rutinoside 4 -diglucoside [16]. 

Small amounts of catechin (8-17 mg/kg) and epicatechin (10-14 mg/kg) have also been detected [19], while higher amounts of quercetin and kaempferol 3-rutinosides have been detected, especially in the skin. 

The flavonols quercetin 3-rutinoside and 3-glucoside and kaempferol 3-rutinoside have been detected in tomato peel [16], The quercetin content of commercial tomatoes purchased in The Netherlands ranged from 4.6 to 11.0 mg/kg f.w. [50], In a recent study on the quercetin content of Scottish, Spanish, Dutch and English tomatoes, similar concentrations (2.0-11.2 mg/kg) were found [49]. The lowest levels were found in Scottish, Spanish and Dutch long-life tomatoes, all of which were held in cold storage for varying periods after harvest. However, cherry type... 

Quercetin-3-rutinoside (Rutin) Kaempferol-3-rutinoside (Rutinose = Glc-Rham)... 

Figure 11.5.3 (A) Natural cation MALDI-MS spectrum of almond seedcoat extract. (B) MALDI-MS positive ion spectrum of almond seedcoat extract with sodium added at 0.01 M. Peaks (1) [kaempferol + H]+ (2) [isorhamnetin + H]+ (3) [kaempferol glucoside + H]+ (4) [kaempferol glucoside + Na]+ (5) [isorhamnetin glucoside + H]+ (6) [isorhamnetin glucoside + Na]+ (7) [isorhamnetin glucoside + K]+ (8) [isorhamnetin glucoside + 2Na - H]+ (9) [kaempferol rutinoside + H]+ (10) [kaempferol rutinoside + Na]+ (11) [isorhamnetin rutinoside + H]+ (12) [isorhamnetin rutinoside + Na]+ (13) [isorhamnetin rutinoside + K]+ (14) [isorhamnetin rutinoside + 2Na - H]+.

Caffeoylquinic acid (chlorogenic add) 4-0-Caffeoylquinic acid (cryptochlorogenic acid) 3-0-Caffeoylquinic acid (neochlorogenic acid) Isorhamnetin rutinoside Isorhamnetin glucoside Kaempferol rutinoside Kaempferol glucoside... 

Tomato Arabidopsis/ overexpression CaMV35S/ MYB12 MYB12 R2R3-MYB TF mediates the accumulation of flavonoids in tomato peel Higher chlorogenic acid (27-fold), dicaffeoylquinic acid (26-fold), tricaffeoylquinic acid (42-fold), quercetin rutinoside (67-fold), kaempferol rutinoside (593-fold) [54]... 

Both these compounds, together with kaempferol-rutinoside (Kae rut), were quantified in the peel extracts firom both the resveratrol synthesizing tomato lines (35S and LoxS lines Fig. 51.4). 

Fig. 51.4 Comparison of flavonoid levels in wild type and transgenic skin of fruit at the red stage of ripening. Naringenin levels (X .290 nm) in the wild type and transgenic skin (of almost three) red uits. Outline of llavonols biosynthesis and profiles of accumulation of rutin and kaempferol-rutinoside (X .370 nm) in skin of transgenic tomatoes compared with those of wild type...

The plant is known elaborate a series of quite unusual phenanthrene alkaloid derivatives, of which aristoliukine-C, aristofolin A and E, aristolochic acid-la methyl ester, and aristolochic acid. Other chemical constituents found in this plant are flavonoid glycosides such as kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and quercetin kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (3,4). Exposure to Aristolochiaceae family is associated with the development of cancer in humans. A significant advance is the toxicological effects of aristolochic acid has been provided by the work of Pezzuto et al. They showed that aristolochic acid is a mutagen... 

Figure 1 Structures of (A) ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, bilobalide, (B) flavonolgly-cosides (R=H kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside R=OH quercetin-3-O-rutinoside R=0CH3 isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside) and (C) ginkgolic acids (R=Ci3H27, C15H31, C15H29, C15H33).

Bauhinia championi Bentham . variegata L. Jiu Hua Teng (Orchid tree) (bark, sepal) Kaempferol-3-galactoside, daempferol-3 -rutinoside, protein, flavonoids, carbohydrates, stigmasterol, beta-sitosterol, beta-p glucophyranoside.50-450 Astringent, tonic, treat scrofula, skin ailments, leprosy, ulcers, and diarrhea. 

Licania apetala var. apetala (E. May) Fritsch is a tree native to the Amazonian forest. Its leaves were extracted with the same method used for L. licaniaeflora. From the n-butanol extract of the leaves seven flavonoids were obtained quercetin 3-0- 3-D-galactopyranoside (6), quercetin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside (8) quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (18), quercetin 3-0-a-L-arabinopyranoside (9), taxifolin 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside (64), myricetin 4 -O-a-L-rhamnopyranoside (66), and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (67), [see Fig. (1), (2), (7), and (8)] [18]. 

Fig. 2 Phenolic antioxidants isolated from plants 1. quercetin 2. silymarin 3. tranx-resveratrol 4. piceatanmol 5. chlorogenic acid methyl ester 6. l-(3, 4 -Dihydroxycinnamoyl)-cyclopenta-2,5-Diol 7. l-(3, 4 -Dihydroxycinnamoyl)-cyclopenta-2,3-Diol 8. kaempferol-3-O-neohespheridoside 9. 5,6,7,4 -Tetrahydroxyfiavonol-3-0-rutinoside 10. floribundones 1 11. fioribundones II 12. (-)-epicatechin-3-0-gallate and 13. curcumine. (From Refs. °l)...

Figure 2.16 HPLC profile of flavonols of a Cabernet Sauvignon grape skins extract recorded at wavelength 360nm. (1) myricetin glucuronide, (2) myricetin gluco-side, (3) quercetin glucuronide, (4) quercetin glucoside, (5) quercetin rutinoside, (6) kaempferol glucuronide, (7) kaempferol glucoside, (8) unidentified flavonol...

Our investigation on Malaysian H. diffusa [31] as well as H. her-bacea also yielded quercetin 3-0-glucopyranoside (21) together with quercetin 3-0-rutinoside (24). From H. herbacea, we have found kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (25), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (26), kaempferol 3-O-arabinopyranoside (27) and quercetin 3-0-galactoside (28) [7]. We have also reported kaempferitrin (29) from H. verticillata [32] and isovitexin (30) from the aerial parts of H. dichotoma [33]. 

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