Just, Carl

Sprecher still believed the political atmosphere would seriously influence the outcome. The Soviets had just cut off rail, highway, and barge shipments to Berlin. Everyone was jittery. Judge Hebert had sent his wife and children home. So had I. Still, I made a bet with Sprecher that at least Carl Krauch would be convicted of preparing an aggressive war. 

As the late Carl Sagan often stated, Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence. Was this particular Artist of the Century —or any other one— worth all this labored thought and scholarly travail In this case, equally extraordinary are the claims that 1) Marcel Duchamp did systematically employ hermetic references and alchemical iconography in creating his artworks and/or that 2) Marcel Duchamp was never influenced by Alchemy. Both positions are, therefore, obligated to produce their extraordinary evidence. And here you have just been presented with concrete proof, heaps of it, repeatedly substantiating the first of these two extraordinary art-historical arguments. 

The two problems we have just discussed add up to a weakness in the best-known theory of scientific explanation, that proposed by Carl Hempel. He argues that explanation amounts to logical deduction of the event to be explained, with general laws and statements of initial conditions as the premises. One objection is that the general laws might reflect correlation, not causation. Another is that the laws, even if genuinely causal,... 

One of the pioneers in designing high-temperature, high-performance polymers was Carl Speed Marvel (1894-1988). Marvel obtained his PhD in organic chemistry from the University of Illinois, where he then spent 41 years as a faculty member in the chemistry department. One of the first students in his organic class was Wallace Carothers, who was just beginning his doctoral studies. Marvel soon became interested in polymers, and was probably the first person to synthesize linear polyethylene, although he did not pursue it. 

While the work of Carl Jung and others have underscored the archetypal power and universal significance of alchemical symbols, alchemy itself is much more than a psychological commentary on the nature of the human psyche. It is true that alchemy reflects the highest aspirations of the human soul, for our gold has always symbolized the hastened perfection of Man as well as matter. However, any alchemist worth his salt knows that lasting transformation only takes place when the work is accomplished on all levels of reality—the mental, the spiritual, and the physical. The Great Work is actual work to be done with the hands, the heart, and the soul, and not just understood with the mind. 

I told nysefrl was junping to concbsbns. Until a few mmutes ag) I d been convinced Carl Brenner was the kiler. But Mason fitted the profile just as wel And Brenner didrit keep the deconposing body of his gnndfether in the house. Or try to mask the smel with the same material that had been enbedded m a dead woman s neck. 

Just how deep this history is, is reflected in the fact that modern man has added no important domesticated species of plant or animal in the last four thousand years. This story can be followed in Carl O. Sauer, Agricultural Origins and Dispersals (New York American Geographical Society, 1952). Sauer relies heavily... 

A 1917 thriller by Carl Moore appeared in Spicy-Adventure Stories and is just as ridiculous. Set in London, it has Scotland Yard detective surreptitiously getting a murder suspect to take some hashish. Overcome by the drug, the suspect loses consciousness, convulses, and subsequently reenacts the crime he has been arrested for (rape and murder). Convicted by the evidence, he is later hanged. 

Germans, more often than Americans, subscribed to a kind of technological militarism. They saw innovation as a weapon, a tool of national survival and supremacy. Carl Engler, rector of the Technical University in Karlsruhe and Fritz Haber s most powerful mentor, put it this way in a speech in 1899 No nation can withdraw from economic competition, the pursuit of technology and advancement of industry, without putting its very existence at risk.. . . [T]he struggle for existence—the fate of the nation—is decided not just on bloody battlefields, but also in the field of industrial production and economic expansion. ... 

At one point in the negotiations, Carl Engler felt compelled to intervene with BASF executives on Haber s behalf, apparently to smooth feathers that Haber had ruffled with his various demands. I must emphasize that I have no personal interest in the firm s acquisition of Prof Haber s services, he wrote. Prof Haber is a highly industrious fellow, and I expect much further success from his talent and vigor.. . . And since he s conscious of his own worth and—just like the Ostwald school—likes to earn some money, he naturally can t be had on the cheap. If the BASF turned away from Haber, Engler reminded the company s executives, the young chemist s talents might be snapped up quickly by one of its competitors. 

Late in September, Rathenau summoned Carl Bosch, the man with his hand on the ammonia spigot, to the War Ministry. There, Bosch learned just how dim Germany s prospects were. Upon returning to BASF headquarters in Ludwigshafen, he called on Alwin Mittasch, the man who d witnessed the success of Fritz Haber s ammonia experiments. 

In a paper in 1979, Carl Ballhausen [1] expressed the belief that today we realize that the whole of chemistry is one huge manifestation of quantum phenomena, but he was perfectly well aware of the care that had to be taken to express the relevant quantum theory appropriately. So in an earlier review [2] that he had undertaken with Aage Hansen, he scorned the usual habit of chemists in naming an experimental observation as if it was caused by the theory that was used to account for it. Thus in the review they remark that a particular phenomenon observed in molecular vibration spectra is presently refered to as the Duchinsky effect. The effect is, of course, just as fictitious as the Jahn-Teller effect. Their aim in the review was to make a start towards rationalization of the nomenclature and to specify the form of the molecular Hamiltonian implicit in any nomenclature. In an article that Jonathan Tennyson and I published in the festschrift to celebrate his sixtieth birthday in 1987 [3], we tried to present a clear account of a molecular Hamiltonian suitable for treating the vibration rotation spectrum of a triatomic molecule. In an article that I wrote that appeared in 1990 [4], I discussed the difficulty of deciding just how far the basic chemical idea of molecular structure could really be fitted into quantum mechanics. 

The NSF was not indifferent to chemistry it was just that from the foundation s perspective, the pleas of the chemists were no different from anyone else s. No field is ever likely to feel that it has enough money, and for the decision makers in the NSF, there was no easy method of distinguishing the cries of the painfully deprived from those of the affluent who merely sought more icing on their cake. In 1963 the Caltech chemist Carl Niemann wrote ... 

Figure 10 A rooted universal tree of life, showing the three domains of life. The tree is based on sequence comparisons of ribosomal RNA, analysed by Carl Woese and his colleagues. The order and length of branches are proportional to the sequence similarities within and between the domains and the kingdoms of life — in other words, they are directly proportional to the genetic similarities between species. It is humbling to note that the animals, plants and fungi account for just a small comer of the Eucarya domain, and that there is less variation in ribosomal RNA sequences within the entire animal kingdom than there is between different groups of methanogen bacteria.

With the penetrating insight of the literary artist, William S. Burroughs has described just this process—that is, the manufacture of madness through a medical examination for the early detection of homosexuality. An episode in Naked Lunch, called "The Examination, begins with Carl Pederson finding "a postcard in his box requesting him to report for a ten o clock appointment... 

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