Junge layer

Kong, B.-S., J. Geng, and H.-T. Jung, Layer-by-layer assembly of graphene and gold nanoparticles by vacuum filtration and spontaneous reduction of gold ions. Chemical Communications, 2009(16) p. 2174-2176. 

Carbonyl sulfide is also the most abundant reduced sulfur gas in Earth s troposphere, but for completely different reasons. Volcanic sources of OCS are negligible by comparison with biogenic emissions, which are important sources of several reduced sulfur gases (e.g., OCS, H2S, (CH3)2S, (CH3)2S2, and CH3SH) in the terrestrial troposphere. Many of these gases are ultimately converted into sulfate aerosols in the troposphere, but OCS is mainly lost by transport into the stratosphere, where it is photochemically oxidized to SO2 and then to sulfuric acid aerosols, which form the Junge layer at —20 km in Earth s stratosphere. 

Carbonyl sulfide COS is emitted from terrestrial soil, ocean and biomass burning into the atmosphere, but since their loss rate in the troposphere is very small, most of them reach to the stratosphere. The photolysis of COS in the stratosphere is a very crucial reaction as it provides sulfur into the atmosphere forming sulfuric aerosol layer (the Junge Layer) in the stratosphere. Incidentally, although COS is often described as OCS in the textbooks and literature of atmospheric chemistry, the notation of COS is used in this book according to the recommendation of lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry). 

B.-J. Jung, J.-I. Lee, H.Y. Chu, L.-M. Do, and H.-K. Shim, Synthesis of novel fluorene-based poly(iminoarylene)s and their application to buffer layer in organic light-emitting diodes, Macromolecules, 35 2282-2287, 2002. 

Jung, U. H., Park, K. T., Park, E. H., and Kim, S. H. Improvement of low-humidity performance of PEMFC by addition of hydrophilic SiOj particles to catalyst layer. Journal of Power Sources 2006 159 529-532. 

H. Dohle, R. Jung, N. Kimiaie, J. Mergel, and M. Muller. Interaction between the diffusion layer and the flow field of polymer electrolyte fuel cells—Experiments and simulation studies. Journal of Power Sources 124 (2003) 371-384. 

Imai H, Takei Y, Shimizu K, Matsuda M, Hirashima H (1999) Direct preparation of anatase Ti02 nanotubes in porous alumina membranes. J Mater Chem 9 2971-2972 Michailowski A, A1 Mawlawi D, Cheng GS, Moskovits M (2001) Highly regular anatase nanotubule arrays fabricated in porous anodic templates. Chem Phys Lett 349 1-5 Jung JH, Kobayashi H, van Bommel KJC, Shinkai S, Shimizu T (2002) Creation of novel helical ribbon and double-layered nanotube Ti02 structures using an... 

Jung JW, Lee JU, Jo WH (2009) High-efficiency polymer solar cells with water-soluble and self-doped conducting polyaniline graft copolymer as hole transport layer. J Phys Chem C 114 633... 

Jung and Rhee [472] have reported voltam-metric studies on the deposition of Sb on Au(lll) and Au(lOO) electrodes. In the formation of the metallic Sb layer, two processes were involved. The first one was the reduction of the irreversibly adsorbed oxygeneous Sb layer. The other was completing the full monolayer of Sb via UPD of oxygeneous Sb species in the solution. 

Ferric illites found in small terrestrial basins, frequently in mono-mineralic layers (Porrenga, 1968 Jung, 1954 Keller, 1958 Ojakangas and Keller, 1964 Gabls, 1963 Kossovskaya and Drlts, 1970 Parry and Reeves, 1966). 

Determining the size distribution and composition of the stratospheric aerosols and their evolution have been among the main questions posed since the discovery of the layer (Junge et d., 1960). The steady state... 

Jung and co-workers investigated both (a) the interaction of diporphyrins (3,5-di(tert-butyl)phenyl substituents) with C o molecules on Ag(lll) surfaces [165] and (b) single copper-octaethyl porphyrins on top of thin NaCl islands on metals [166] with STM at room temperature in ultrahigh vacuum. In the latter case, the electronic structure of the porphyrin was different on the metal surfaces when compared to that on thin layers of NaCl. 

The results of the experiment (Chen and Lelevkin, 2000) show, that before the Pinatubo volcano eruption, in the background period the area of 24-29 km was marked out with local minimmns in the correlation function at which the main mass of flie background aerosol was concentrated. This happened at the height of the maximum ozone concentration (24-27 km), not in the field of the Junge aerosol layer, so one can expect that the ozone accumulation takes place there, i.e. 6)3 is generated from the photooxidation of SO2 by air oxygen (Ivlev et. al., 1990) S02 C ) + 2 0( P). 

The concentration of C02 in the air in the lowest layers of the troposphere shows expected diurnal and yearly variations (Junge, 1963). For example, photosynthesis can occur only in the presence of solar radiation. For this reason, in clean (non-... 

Ozone is an essential atmospheric trace substance. This gas plays an important role in the control of the radiation and heat balance of the stratosphere since it absorbs solar radiation with wavelengths shorter than about 0.3 jun. An important consequence of this absorption is that U V radiation lethal to living species does not reach the lower layers of the atmosphere. Because of the importance of atmospheric 03, its study started rather early. Junge (1963) mentions that Dobson and his associates measured total ozone (see later) beginning in the twenties by a European network consisting of six stations. Later, this network became world-wide and even the determination of the vertical distribution of 03 is now a routine measurement. Owing to these studies our knowledge of atmospheric ozone is rather substantial compared to that of other trace constituents. 

According to the classical concept, the Earth s surface is a sink for stratospheric ozone. This is proved by the fact that a net downward ozone flux was measured in the lower tropospheric layers (e.g. Aldaz, 1969). By assuming a first-order process for ozone destruction and using the above residence time, Junge (1962) estimated that the ozone loss rate is 780 x 106 t yr 1 at the surface. To calculate this rate he... 

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