Judgmental procedure

In the safety domain, we also face the same severe limit on the availability of data to quantify failure probabilities. Expert opinion in the form of subjective probabilities has been a dominant source for failure probabilities in quantifying risk in safety science. Cooke (1991) and Cooke and Goossens (2000) presented a structured expert judgment procedure to combine experts opinion in a scientifically defensible way. The overall goal of the method developed by these authors is to achieve rational consensus in the resulting assessments, and thus to enable the information of diverse experts or stakeholders to be incorporated into the process by which the results are reached. We have successfully applied this approach in a series of studies in the field of aviation and chemical industry studies (Ale et al. 2009 2011 2013) with Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) quantification. Although the structure expert judgement is not yet implemented in the security world, the scientific proof of such a method can be implemented in this domain. 

Formal judgment procedures are psychological scaling and probability estimation techniques. They may be defined as systematic methods for using expert opinion to assign numbers to objects, events, or their attributes so that the... 

Consensus standards are the key to the voluntary standards system because acceptance and use of such standards foUow direcdy from the need for them and from the involvement in their development of all those who share that need. Consensus standards must be produced by a body selected, organized, and conducted in accordance with due process procedures. AH parties or stakeholders are iavolved in the development of the standard and substantial agreement is reached according to the judgment of a properly constituted review board. Other aspects of due process involve proper issuance of notices, record keeping, baHoting, and attention to minority opinion. 

Parameter estimation is a procedure for taking the unit measurements and reducing them to a set of parameters for a physical (or, in some cases, relational) mathematical model of the unit. Statistical interpretation tempered with engineering judgment is required to arrive at realistic parameter estimates. Parameter estimation can be an integral part of fault detection and model discrimination. 

Determination of the hazard potential and designing to eliminate the hazard is one element of the solution. The use of carefully designed accelerated and continuous prototype testing is another element. The instruction in use and proper maintenance procedure is the third element. By exercising judgment as to the appropriate combination of these elements consistent with the economic factors involved, the designer can have a product that will perform for its projected design life with... 

The less potent vasopressors, such as metaraminol, also require close patient supervision during administration. The nurse follows the same procedure as that for norepinephrine and dopamine but may take blood pressure and pulse determinations at less frequent intervals, usually every 15 to 30 minutes. The nurse needs sound clinical judgment to detemrine the frequency because there is no absolute minimum or maximum time limit between detenninations. 

A special tearing procedure known as diakoptics (K10) was investigated by Brameller et al. (BIO) and by Gay and Middleton (Gl). According to Brameller et al. (BIO), this procedure lends itself very readily to the exercise of engineering judgment. However, computational performance of this method reported by Gay and co-workers (Gl, G2) has not been too impressive. The more recent work of Gay and Preece (G2) indicates that the nodal method of diakoptics is outperformed by an alternative method based on formulation D for problems up to 100 edges and 50 cycles. 

Assign a number representative of the blast strength for each individual blast. Some companies have defined procedures for this however, many risk analysts use their own judgment. 

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