Josephson history

When an acute stroke patient is imaged within the therapeutic window, we usually do not wait for the results of creatinine testing, except in case of known history of renal failure or prior serum creatinine measurement that exceeded 1.5 mg/dl, known renal disease, sohtary kidney (e.g., prior nephrectomy, congenital absence), diabetes melhtus (insuhn-dependent >2 years or non-insulin dependent >3 years), collagen vascular disease (e.g., lupus), or paraproteinemia syndromes (e.g., myeloma). This approach has been demonstrated as safe in more than 1,000 patients, with only a very low rate of temporary renal failure (0.19%) and no case of permanent renal failure (Josephson et al. 2005). 

The first of the macroscopic quantum effects to be demonstrated was the ac Josephson effect, whereby 2e/h is established via the invariant ratio nV/V for irradiation at frequency V and noting the n th step voltage, V. This has been a powerful tool in the service of electrical measurements. The history, which has been well reviewed by Petley, shows a rapid evolution from laboratory curiosity through a significant determination of a to the role of maintenance of the operational unit of voltage [16]. Incidentally, the early history of this area of work is an instance in which electrical metrology made a distinct impact on atomic physics. It will be recalled that a key issue of the early 1960 s was the discrepancy between values of a obtained from fine-structure measurement and those deduced from hyperfine structure. This story is well told in the widely known summary, due to Taylor,... 

Josephson (1941) reported that patients with hepatitis cleared intravenously injected cholic acid more slowly from the blood than did normal subjects and he postulated a decrease in both synthesis and excretion of bile acids in thb disease. Based on this early study, Theodor et al. (1968) have investigated the metabolism of intravenously injected isotopic cholic acid in patients with viral hepatitis. In eight patients w ith histories and laboratory findings consistent with the diagnosis of viral hepatitis, they injected tritiated cholic acid and determined the plasma clearance. Furthermore, they determined in two of the patients the cholic acid pool size and the turnover rate. 

Anon., unknown. History ofArgonne Reactor Operations, Lemont, IL Argonne National Lab. IAEA, 1991. The International Chernobyl Project, Technical Report, Vienna, Austria IAEA. IAEA, 2016. Plant Reactor Information System. [Online]. Available at https //www.iaea.org/ PRIS/CountrvStatistics/ReactorDetai1s.aspx current=377. [Accessed 20 May 2016]. Josephson, R, 2000. Red Atom. Pittsburgh, PA University of Pittsburgh press. 

---