Jitter effect

Isochronous data communication systems like Flexray operate on a precisely periodic basis, for example on a lime interval of 1 ms. Bus cycle jitter is veiy low and generally far below the nominal 1 ms. Caution, bit transmission jitter is a different effect. Bit transmission jitter or cyclic transmission jitter could lead to different functional effects, therefore jitter effects should be considered as different characteristics of fault or error modes. 

Figure 5. The effect of jitter attack. By deleting one samples intentionally, the position of watermarked samples (above) are changed so that the detector tries to at the position marked by (below), which incurs serious detection error.

The adverse effects of caffeine are a common experience to most caffeine consumers. Too much caffeine results in uncomfortable to adverse central nervous system effects, or neurotoxicity. The effects include restlessness, tension, and mild tremor or the jitters and may progress to feelings of anxiety and even fear. Regular caffeine users soon learn how to manage their caffeine consumption to maintain blood caffeine at a desirable level that produces mild stimulation without the uncomfortable neurotoxic effects. Fortunately, the half-life of caffeine is short, so that any undesirable effects soon decline. Many people also experience insomnia from caffeine consumption. Caffeine s effect on sleep varies from individual to individual. Some people can consume caffeine late in the evening and sleep well, but for other people consumption of caffeine late in the day affects sleep. It is important to understand your own individual response to caffeine. 

The jitter between the laser pulse and the electron pulse was estimated from the measurement using a streak camera (C1370, Hamamatsu Photonics Co. Ltd.), because the jitter is one of important factors that decide the time resolution of the pulse radiolysis. The jitter was several picoseconds. To avoid effects of the jitter on the time resolution, a jitter compensation system was designed [74]. The time interval between the electron pulse (Cerenkov light) and the laser pulse was measured by the streak camera at every shot. The Cerenkov radiation was induced by the electron pulse in air at the end of the beam line. The laser pulse was separated from the analyzing light by a half mirror. The precious time interval could be... 

Bypass capacitors may be necessary (and are recommended) from the Vdd pin to ground in order to minimize signal jitter and noise effects. 

You are attempting to breadboard this circuit, you may need bypass capacitors (0.1 /xF capacitors from Vdd to the local IC ground) in order to minimize jitter and noise effects. These ICs switch at a very fast rate and can easily cause switching noise to appear on the outputs. 

Harris, 1990] Harris, S. (1990). The Effects of Sampling Clock Jitter on Nyquist Sampling Analog-to-Digital Converters, and on Oversampling Delta-Sigma ADCs. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 38(7/8) 537-542. 

The symptoms of jitters, insomnia, tremors, and agitation are common in those consuming caffeine and in those with depression or the other illnesses for which these drugs are prescribed. Combining caffeine with antidepressants may exaggerate the symptoms and make it difficult for the physician to arrive at an accurate diagnosis or evaluate the drug s effectiveness. 

For cw lasers, laser decoherence appears via the jitter and drift of the laser phase in the field E(z,t) [e.g., Eq. (3.16)] with a concomitant reduction in control (see Section 5.3). However, suitable design of the control scenario can result in a method that is immune to the effects of laser jitter. In particular, to do so we rely upon the way in which the laser phase enters into control scenarios. 

Despite such successes, it was obvious that only a continuous wave laser source can do justice to the extremely sharp 1S-2S transition. Production of intense cw radiation near 243 nm remained long an elusive goal. Satisfactory power levels of several mW were first achieved by B. COUILLAUD et al. [19] by summing the frequency of a 351 nm argon laser and a 790 nm dye laser in a crystal of KDP. In the first cw experiment with this source [11], the power in the observation cell was further enhanced with a standing wave build-up cavity. Fig. 3 shows two-photon spectra recorded in this way. Although the resolution is much superior to the earlier pulsed spectra, it remains limited to a few MHz by laser frequency jitter, collision effects, and transit-time broadening. A further at least millionfold improvement in resolution should ultimately be achievable. 

A more subtle effect of positioning occurs with dispersive spectrometers, when the distribution of light across the slit is altered by sample motion. A change in this distribution causes a shift in position at the detector, yielding a small apparent frequency shift. This frequency jitter can amount to a wavenumber or more and sometimes affects spectral subtraction or background correction. 

The effective resolution of a TCSPC experiment is characterised by its instrument response function (IRF). The IRF contains the pulse shape of the light source used, the temporal dispersion in the optical system, the transit time spread in the detector, and the timing jitter in the recording electronics. With ultrashort laser pulses, the IRF width at half-maximum for TCSPC is typically 25 to 60 ps for microchannel-plate (MCP) PMTs [4, 211, 547], and 150 to 250 ps for conventional short-time PMTs. The IRF width of inexpensive standard PMTs is normally... 

The zero cross level adjustment minimises the timing jitter induced by amplitude jitter of the detector pulses. The zero cross level is therefore often called walk adjust". In early TCSPC systems the walk adjust had an enormous influenee on the shape of the instrument response function (IRF). In newer, more advaneed systems the influence is smaller. The reason is probably that detectors with shorter single electron response are used and the discriminators in the newer CFDs are faster. Therefore, the effective slope of the zero cross transition is steeper, with a correspondingly smaller influence of the zero eross level. Figure 7.63 shows the IRF for an XP2020UR linear-focused PMT and an H5773-20 photosensor module for different zero cross levels. 

The noise (ripple) is a kind of a jitter of Eq which throws around and destroys some ions otherwise passing the gap. This effectively constrains the gap, so in curved FAIMS increasing the noise sharpens the peaks, improving the resolving power R (Figure 4.21a and b). As more ions are destroyed, the sensitivity drops. Like with oscillations due to E(t) by Equation 3.43, the magnitude of wobble due to Ec perturbation is proportional to its amplitude and inverse frequency. Hence greater... 

While Equation 11.32 gives a reasonable approximation of the glottal volume velocity signal, it does not model the secondary effects of jitter, shimmer and ripple as mentioned in Section 17. More realism can be added to the glottal signal by the addition of zeros into the transfer function, giving the expression ... 

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